Hydrocarbon aspiration causing

Sage, eucalyptus, turpentine, pine, pennyroyal, and cinnamon contain hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, esters, and ketones. These components can cause allergic contact dermatitis, which begins 12 h within sensitization and peaks at 48-72 h. Essential oils are mucosal irritants leading to gastrointestinal distress and salivation. Concentrated formulations of essential oils can cause convulsions and CNS depression at 10 ml doses. Aspiration can cause chemical pneumonitis. Alcohol produces intoxication, which may be complicated by hypoglycemia, especially in children. 

Synonyms Heavy hydrotreated naphtha (petroleum) Hydrotreated heavy naphtha Naphtha, heavy hydrotreated Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy Definition Complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by treating a petrol, fraction with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst consists predominantly of C6-13 hydrocarbons mixt. of C9-13 naphthenes, iso- and n-paraffins Properties Colorless liq. insol. in water dens. 0.76-0.79 g/cm vapor pressure 0.1-0.3 kPa (20 C) m.p. 0 C b.p. 155-217 C flash pt. (CC) 40-62 C autoignition temp. 255-270 C Toxicoiogy Inh. may cause dizziness, headache, drowsiness, nausea, unconsciousness contact may cause dry skin, eye redness ing. may cause cough, diarrhea, sore throat, vomiting if aspirated, may cause chem. pneumonitis Environmentai Toxic to aquatic organisms ... 

Respiratory Effects. Pulmonary edema was observed in a patient after an attempted suicide with endrin and was thought to be due to chemical pneumonitis following aspiration of aromatic hydrocarbons contained in the ingested formulation. The authors state that the hydrocarbons may have been the cause of the pulmonary effects (Runhaar et al. 1985), since hydrocarbon-induced chemical pneumonitis is a well established clinical entity. 

Nonane could be expected to dry and defat skin, resulting in irritation and dermatitis, by analogy to other liquid paraffin hydrocarbons. Aspiration into the lung could be expected to cause chemical pneumonitis. 

If the patient has ingested a petroleum distillate (e.g., kerosene, gasoline, or petroleum-based liquid furniture polish), regurgitated hydrocarbons can be aspirated readily and cause chemical pneumonitis. 

Category 1 Chemicals known to cause human aspiration toxicity hazards or to be regarded as if they cause human aspiration toxicity hazard A substance is classified in Category 1 (a) Based on reliable and good quality human evidence (See note 1) or (b) If it is a hydrocarbon and has a kinematic viscosity of 20.5 mm /s or less, measured at 40° C. 

Hydrocarbons, e.g. paraffin oil (kerosene), petrol (gasoline), benzene, chiefly cause CNS depression and pulmonary damage from inhalation. It is vital to avoid aspiration into the lungs during attempts to remove the poison or in spontaneous vomiting. Gastric aspiration should be performed only if a cuffed endotracheal tube is effectively in place, if necessary after anaesthetising the subject. 

As with other petroleum hydrocarbon products, management in most cases is symptomatic. Attention should be paid to possible aspiration pneumonitis after ingestion exposure vomiting should not be induced. Oral or high concentration vapor exposure may cause CNS depression the patient should be removed to fresh air. Liquid may cause skin or eye irritation contaminated clothing should be removed, and skin and eyes should be flushed with water. 

Decane is generally considered to be fairly nontoxic, relative to other aliphatic hydrocarbons. This is probably due to the fact that it is less volatile than octane or heptane and may not be as readily transferred across either the pulmonary alveoli or the blood-brain barrier. If it is aspirated into the lungs, however, decane will cause adverse effects similar to those seen with heptane or octane. 

Aspiration pneumonitis—The inflammation of lung tissue caused by the aspiration of fluids and gastric contents that often leads to dyspnea, pulmonary edema, secondary infections and adult respiratory distress s5mdrome. Hydrocarbon pneumonitis is caused by the pulmonary aspiration of hydrocarbons such as kerosene and gasoline. 

I. Mechanism of toxicity. Like other hydrocarbons, benzene can cause a chemical pneumonia if it is aspirated. See p 219 for a general discussion of hydrocarbon toxicity. 

I. Mechanism of toxicity. Hydrocarbons may cause direct injury to the lung after pulmonary aspiration or systemic intoxication after ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption (Table 11-31). Many hydrocarbons are also irritating to the eyes and skin. 

A. Pulmonary aspiration. Chemical pneumonitis is caused by direct tissue damage and disruption of surfactant. Aspiration risk is greatest for hydrocarbons with low viscosity and low surface tension (eg, petroleum naphtha, gasoline, turpentine). 

Pulmonary aspiration of most hydrocarbons, especially those with relatively high volatility and low viscosity (eg, gasoline, kerosene, and naphtha) can cause severe chemical pneumonitis. 

Regulatory FDA 21 CFR 172.878,178.3620,573.680 DOT nonregulated OSHA nonhazardous SARA 311/312/313 nonreportable Australia, Canada DSL, China, EC, Japan, Korea listed Properties Water-wh. transparent liq., odorless sol. in hydrocarbons negligible sol. in water sp.gr. 0.827-0.836 dens. 6.94-7.02 Ib/gal vise. 9.2-10.6 cSt (40 C) pour pt. 15 F flash pt. 320 F ref. index L4613. Toxicology STEL 10 mg/m (as oil mist) relatively nontoxic by ingestion unless aspiration occurs (which may cause pneumonitis and may be fatal) laxative props, may result in abdominal cramps, diarrhea minimally irritating to eyes on direct contact... 

Empirical C16H32 Formula CH3(CH2)i3CH=CH2 Properties Colorless liq., mild hydrocarbon odor sol. in alcohol, ether, petrol, and coal-tar soivs. si. sol. in water dens. 0.785 b.p. 518-554 F m.p. 37 F ref. index 1.4420 flash pt. (Seta) 272 F Toxicology Irritating to skin and eyes low acute inhalation toxicity low acute ingestion toxicity but ingestion may cause vomiting, aspiration of vomitus... 

Properties Water-wh. oily liq. hydrocarbon odor sol. 1.4 ppm in water (38 C) sp.gr. 0.809 (16 C) vapor pressure 1.1 Torr (38 C) m.p. < -70 C b.p. 150 C flash pt. (TCC) 65 C Toxicology High vapor cones, may cause headaches, stupor, throat/eye irritation, kidney effects extreme aspiration into lungs may cause pneumonia or death may cause si. eye irritation may cause skin irritation, redness, dermatitis on prolonged/repeated contact suspected carcinogen TSCA listed Environmental Inherently biodeg. 

Special emphasis is put on the classi cation of aspiration hazard (Xn R65) of both substances that can easily reach the lungs upon ingestion and cause lung damage (substances with low viscosity and low surface tension) and mixtures/preparations with a high hydrocarbon (HC) content and low kinematic viscosity that will pose the same hazard. 

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