Odors hydrocarbons

Municipal and industrial incinerators Pathological incinerators Industrial waste Odors, hydrocarbons, HCl, dioxins, furans Particulates, smoke, and combustion contaminants Proper charging, acid gas scrubber, baghouse Modified fuel feed, auxiliary fuel and dryer systems, cyclones, scrubbers... 

Observable Characteristics - Physical State (as shipped) Liquid Color Colorless Odor Hydrocarbon odor like gasoline. 

Pathological incinerators Odors, hydrocarbons, HC1, dioxins, Proper charging, acid gas scrubber,... 

Uses Defbamer for latex paints, latex-based stucco finishes, latex-based adhesives based on polymethyl acrylate, vinyl ester, and styrene copolymers Properties Wh. liq. si. odor hydrocarbon-like odor immisc. with water sp.gr. 0.93 g/cc dens. 7.73 Ib/gal kinematic vise. > 300.0 mm /s vapor pressure 18 mm Hg flash pt. (Seta) > 110 C 53% NV in water/oil Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) >20000 mg/kg skin and eye irritant, high cones, may irritate respiratory tract TSCA listed... 

Odor is of prime importance because a petroleum solvent is often used in closed rooms moreover, the idea of odor is tied instinctively in the public image to toxicity. Odor is a function of the solvent s composition and volatility. Generally, the paraffin hydrocarbons are less odorous while the aromatics are more so. 

Crude oils appear as liquids of varying viscosities. Their color can range from green (crude from Moonie, Australia) to dark brown (crude from Ghawar, Saudi Arabia). They can have an odor of hydrogen sulfide, turpentine or simply hydrocarbon. 

Hydrocarbons are divided into two mam classes aliphatic and aromatic This classifi cation dates from the nineteenth century when organic chemistry was devoted almost entirely to the study of materials from natural sources and terms were coined that reflected a substance s origin Two sources were fats and oils and the word aliphatic was derived from the Greek word aleiphar meaning ( fat ) Aromatic hydrocarbons irre spective of their own odor were typically obtained by chemical treatment of pleasant smelling plant extracts... 

Many esters occur naturally Those of low molecular weight are fairly volatile and many have pleasing odors Esters often form a significant fraction of the fragrant oil of fruits and flowers The aroma of oranges for example contains 30 different esters along with 10 carboxylic acids 34 alcohols 34 aldehydes and ketones and 36 hydrocarbons... 

Physical Properties. Furfural [98-01-1] (2-furancarboxaldehyde), when freshly distilled, is a colorless Hquid with a pungent, aromatic odor reminiscent of almonds. It darkens appreciably on exposure to air or on extended storage. Furfural is miscible with most of the common organic solvents, but only slightly miscible with saturated aHphatic hydrocarbons. Inorganic compounds, generally, are quite insoluble in furfural. 

Physical Properties. Furfuryl alcohol (2-furanmethanol) [98-00-0] is aHquid, colorless, primary alcohol with a mild odor. On exposure to air, it gradually darkens in color. Furfuryl alcohol is completely miscible with water, alcohol, ether, acetone, and ethyl acetate, and most other organic solvents with the exception of paraffinic hydrocarbons. It is an exceUent, highly polar solvent, and dissolves many resins. 

Pure adiponitrile is a colorless Hquid and has no distinctive odor some properties are shown in Table 5. It is soluble in methanol, ethanol, chloroalkanes, and aromatics but has low solubiUty in carbon disulfide, ethyl ether, and aUphatic hydrocarbons. At 20°C, the solubiUty of adiponitrile in water is ca 8 wt % the solubiUty increases to 35 wt % at 100°C. At 20°C, adiponitrile dissolves ca 5 wt % water. 

Other Separations. Other TSA appHcations range from CO2 removal to hydrocarbon separations, and include removal of air poUutants and odors, and purification of streams containing HCl and boron compounds. Because of their high selectivity for CO2 and their abiHty to dry concurrently,... 

Aldehydes, enals, dienals, ketones, and hydrocarbons, which are responsible for disagreeable odors, generally bok at lower temperatures than fatty acids. Analysis showkig a free fatty acid concentration of less than 0.05% is an kidication that deodorization is sufficientiy complete. Some of the dienals have very low odor thresholds and sensory evaluation of the finished ok is a judicious quaHty assurance step. 

G-9 Aromatic Petroleum Resins. Feedstocks typically used for aromatic petroleum resin synthesis boil in the approximate range of 100—300°C at atmospheric pressure, with most boiling in the 130—200°C range. The C-9 designation actually includes styrene (C-8) through C-10 hydrocarbons (eg, methylindene). Many of the polymerizable monomers identified in Table 1 for coumarone—indene type cmdes from coal tar are also present in aromatic fractions from cracked petroleum distillates. Therefore, the technology developed for the polymerization of coal-tar cmdes is also appHcable to petroleum-derived aromatic feedstocks. In addition to availabiHty, aromatic petroleum resins offer several advantages over coumarone—indene resins. These include improved color and odor, as weU as uv and thermal stabiHty (46). 

Aromatic Hydrocarbons. These are the most toxic of the hydrocarbons and inhalation of the vapor can cause acute intoxication. Benzene is particularly toxic and long-term exposure can cause anemia and leukopenia, even with concentrations too low for detection by odor or simple instmments. The currendy acceptable average vapor concentration for benzene is no more than 1 ppm. PolycycHc aromatics are not sufftcientiy volatile to present a threat by inhalation (except from pyrolysis of tobacco), but it is known that certain industrial products, such as coal tar, are rich in polycycHc aromatics and continued exposure of human skin to these products results in cancer. 

Commercial cmde lecithin is a brown to light yeUow fatty substance with a Hquid to plastic consistency. Its density is 0.97 g/mL (Uquid) and 0.5 g/mL (granule). The color is dependent on its origin, process conditions, and whether it is unbleached, bleached, or filtered. Its consistency is deterrnined chiefly by its oil, free fatty acid, and moisture content. Properly refined lecithin has practically no odor and has a bland taste. It is soluble in aflphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, including the halogenated hydrocarbons however, it is only partially soluble in aflphatic alcohols (Table 5). Pure phosphatidylcholine is soluble in ethanol. 

Carbide lime is a waste lime hydrate by-product from the generation of acetylene from calcium carbide and may occur as a wet sludge or dry powder of widely varying purity and particle size. It is gray and has the pungent odor associated with acetylene (see Hydrocarbons, acetylene). 

Oakmoss. Extracts of oakmoss are extensively used in perfumery to furnisli parts of the notes of the fougnre or chypre type. The first step in the preparation of an oakmoss extract is treatment of the Hchen Evemiaprunastri (L.) Ach., collected from oak trees mainly in southern and central Europe, with a hydrocarbon solvent to obtain a concrete. The concrete is then further processed by solvent extraction or distillation to more usable products, of which absolutes are the most versatile for perfumery use. A definitive analysis of oakmoss volatiles was performed in 1975 (52). The principal constituents of a Yugoslav oakmoss are shown in Table 15 (53). A number of phenoHc compounds are responsible for the total odor impression. Of these, methyl P-orcinol carboxylate is the most characteristic of oakmoss. 

Mineral spirits, a type of petroleum distillate popular for use in solvent-based house paints, consist mainly of aUphatic hydrocarbons with a trace of aromatics. This type of solvent finds use in oil- and alkyd-based house paints because of its good solvency with typical house paint binders and its relatively slow evaporation rate which imparts good bmshabiUty, open-time, and leveling. Other properties include lower odor, relatively lower cost, as well as safety and health hazard characteristics comparable to most other organic solvents. 

Concretes. Concretes are produced by extraction of flowers, leaves, or roots, usually with hydrocarbon solvents. After removal of the solvent by distillation, the concrete is obtained as a thick, waxy residue. Such materials are used in some fine fragrances, but the waxes they contain can give rise to solubihty problems. Eor this reason, concretes are often dissolved in alcohol to make tinctures, or in other low odor diluents. Production of concretes, especially flower concretes, usually takes place where the botanicals are grown since the odors of such materials deteriorate rapidly after harvesting. 

Jasmine. Jasmine is one of the most precious florals used ia perfumery. The concrete of jasmine is produced by hydrocarbon extraction of flowers from Jasminum officinale (var. GrandijJorum). The concrete is then converted to absolute by alcohoHc extraction. It is produced ia many countries, the most important of which is India, followed by Egypt. Jasmine products are rather expensive and are produced ia relatively small amounts compared with other materials. However, jasmine is particularly important ia perfume creation for its great power and aesthetic quaUties. Eour of the principal odor contributors to jasmine are OT-jasmone [488-10-8] (14), methyl jasmonate [91905-974-] (15), benzyl acetate [140-11 ], and iudole [120-72-9] (16). 

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