Artificial intelligence branches

The electronic nose and electronic tongue can be considered as a specific branch of the development of artificial intelligence and application of the electronic brain. 

Another form of artificial intelligence is realized in artificial neural networks (ANN). The principle of ANNs has been presented in Sect. 6.5. Apart from calibration, data analysis and interpretation is one of the most important fields of application of ANNs in analytical chemistry (Tusar et al. [1991] Zupan and Gasteiger [1993]) where two branches claim particular interest ... 

Kowalski and Bender presented chemometrics (at this time called pattern recognition and roughly considered as a branch of artificial intelligence) in a broader scope as a general approach to interpret chemical data, especially by mapping multivariate data with the purposes of cluster analysis and classification (Kowalski and Bender 1972). 

Expert systems represent a branch of artificial intelligence that has received enormous publicity in the last two to three years. Many companies have been formed to produce computer software for what is predicted to be a substantial market. This paper describes what is meant by the term expert system and the kinds of problems that currently appear amenable to solution by such systems. The physical sciences and engineering disciplines are areas for application that are receiving considerable attention. The reasons for this and several examples of recent applications are discussed. The synergism of scientists and engineers with machines supporting expert systems has important implications for the conduct of chemical research in the future some of these implications are described. 

Expert system technology was one of the first branches of artificial intelligence [1,2], It is by now well tried and mature. Nevertheless, expert systems are tools to support human thinking, not magic problem-solvers. While the name expert system is based on the notion that the systems behave like experts, it is generally considered that they should be used by experts or at least the well-informed. 

Pattern recognition Pattern recognition is a branch of artificial intelligence that provides an approach to solving the problem of recognizing an obscure property in a collection of objects from measurements made on the objects. 

The application of computers in a serious way to problems in electrode kinetics and electrochemistry has barely started. It will need a tremendous effort to bring into the subject the advances that have occurred in other branches of physical science. Specifically, subjects which need to be introduced into electrochemistry, in order to make full use of data that can now be obtained, are those of artificial intelligence and database organisation. 

ML is a branch of artificial intelligence, which is concerned with the constraction and study of computational systems that can learn from data [9]. A ML system could be trained based on properties and features and on the basis of that information, predictions can be done. The aim of ML is to teach a machine to learn from experiences, i.e. to feed it with a set of example objects and, based on the information content thereof, to build a classifier or a predictive model [10] (Fig. 3.3). 

Expert systems constitute a branch of artificial intelligence and the name is often considered as synonymous with the term knowledge-based systems. They are computer programs software products that attempt to replicate the knowledge and skills of a human expert in a specific domain in order to solve problems. 

Artificial intelligence A branch of computer science that attempts to devise computer hardware and software that emulates human intelligence. 

Note that deductive inference is always sound. Typical rules of deductive inference are modusponens, universal instantiation, resolution, mathematical induction, and so on. The branch of artificial intelligence research that is bent on automating deductive inference is called automated theorem proving. 

Many artificial intelligence tasks involve a search space of hypotheses. A model of generalization of hypotheses then comes in handy to organize that search space. This allows a more intelligent search than pure enumeration, for instance by pruning uninteresting branches of the search space. 

Expert systems are a branch of applied artificial intelligence, and were developed by the artificial intelligence community in the mid-1960s. The basic idea behind expert systems is simply that expertise, which is the vast body of task-specific knowledge, is transferred from a human to a computer. (GRAHAM-JONES and MELLOR,... 

---