Artificial intelligence systems DENDRAL

A very important role in the proliferation and practical use of mathematical chemistry has been played by computers, especially in the last two decades, when the use of computers was extended from numerical computations and data handling to decision-making and logical problem-solving processes. The DENDRAL project, started at Stanford in the 1960s, may serve as an illustrative example [3], It was fairly successful, and strongly influenced the collaboration between chemists, computer scientists, and mathematicians. Many applications of artificial intelligence in chemistry, and especially the construction of expert systems, are natural consequences of this collaboration [4],... 

Munk and co-workers and Bremser, may be considered among the pioneers in this field. The DENDRAL system is still referred to as one of the most promising successes of artificial intelligence (AI). 

Liudsay, R.K. et al., DENDRAL A Case Study of the Eirst Expert System for Scieutific Hypothesis Eormatiou, Artificial Intelligence, 61, 209, 1993. 

About four decades ago, with the advance of computer science, researchers started to look at the former definition of enumeration and devised computer codes to explicitly list molecules. Again, while studying this challenging problem, important concepts in computer science were developed. Artificial intelligence textbooks" generally quote DENDRAL, a code to enumerate molecules, as the first expert system. 

In the 1960 s, Edward Feigenbaum and other scientists at Stanford University built two early expert systems DENDRAL, which classified chemicals, and MYCIN, which identified diseases. These early expert systems were cumbersome to modify because they had hard-coded rules. By 1970, the OPS expert system shell, with variable rule sets, had been released by Digital Equipment Corporation as the first commercial expert system shell. In addition to expert systems, neural networks became an important area of artificial intelligence in the 1970 s and 1980 s. Frank Rosenblatt introduced the Perceptron in 1957, but it was Perceptrons An Introduction to Computational Geometry (1969), by Minsky and Seymour Papert, and the two-volume Parallel Distributed Processing Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition (1986),... 

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