Methods of Artificial Intelligence

The proceeding of an ES by decision sequences may be illustrated by a (non-computerized) example from undergraduate training in analytical 

ES is based on comparable decision trees in computerized form. The development and arrangement is carried out by means of 

shell systems are most widely used in analytical applications because of their simplicity, flexibility, and universality. The main advantage of ESs is the fact that implemented and learned knowledge easily and faultlessly can be reproduced and copied, so that the knowledge may be available for a wide community of users or customers. 

An early field of application in analytical chemistry is structure elucidation. DENDRAL was one of the first ES in general, designed to the identification of organic compounds from mass spectrometric data (Buchanan and Feigenbaum [1978]). In the 1980s and 1990s a flood of expert systems has been developed in analytical chemistry for different types of application, viz  

Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) have been developed exclusively for practical application, viz, the organization and control of working course and information flow in the laboratory (Nilsen [1996]). LIMS comprises  

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In addition, methods of artificial intelligence (artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms) are applied. 

With the development of methods of artificial intelligence, neural networks are used increasingly for classification see Sect. 8.3.6. 

Plausible reasoning using trustworthy rules forms the sphere of application of the methods of artificial intelligence. Computer logic is intended to be the scientific tool apparatus criticus) for the human-computer cognition of the universe. 

It is necessary to use some mathematical method to relate the biological properties of molecules to their molecular properties. Such a method might be rooted in classical statistics or in the newer methods of artificial intelligence or data mining, an area of active research. 

The methods of artificial intelligence and machine learning are not restricted to the interpretation of spectra. They can also be used to develop expert systems, for example, for the analysis of drugs or the synthesis of an organic compound. 

After successful lesion detection, morphological and dynamic features have to be assessed manually or automatically. These features may then be analyzed to come to a probability of malignancy. By 1997 Abdolmaleki et al. (1997) had already assessed six manually obtained features by a three-layer feed-forward neural network, and showed that methods of artificial intelligence are capable of dif-... 

Fuzzy logic and neuronal networks are methods of artificial intelligence. With neuronal networks, an extensive analogy to the function of natural sense organs is obtained. 

The basic methods of artificial intelligence are expert systems, genetic algorithms (Coley 1991), (Goldberg et al. 2003), (Man 1999), neural networks (Kosinski et al. (2007)), fuzzy sets (Yen (1998)). Expert Systems (ES) are a discipline of artificial intelligence, which gained numerous practical applications as the first on from the above list (Zielinski 1991). However, practically, hybrid systems are often used, as they... 

A bunch of different methods of artificial intelligence are grouped under the term ANN. They can be used for pattern recognition both for supervised and unsupervised maimer and for prediction purposes. ANNs are among the best available fitting methods they can be applied for highly complex and strongly nonlinear relationships. 

Hybrid architectures show a relationship between the purely reactive and plans-oriented. This t) e of architecture aims to obtain a proper harmony between the so-called traditional symbolic methods of Artificial Intelligence and the response capacity and flexibility of pure reagents systems. In this way, by means of these architectures of character hybrid is a possible reactive control systems providing the ability to reason about the fimdamental behaviors, optimizing the performance of navigation in complex operating environments. 

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