Arsenic uptake

Farquhar ML, Chamock JM, Livens FR, Vaughun DJ (2002) Mechanisms of arsenic uptake from aqueous solution by interaction with goethite, lepidocrocite, mackinawite and pyrite as X-ray absorption spectroscopy study. Environ Sci Tecnol 36 1757-1762... 

Marine algae transform arsenate into nonvolatile methylated arsenic compounds such as methanearsonic and dimethylarsinic acids (Tamaki and Frankenberger 1992). Freshwater algae and macrophytes, like marine algae, synthesize lipid-soluble arsenic compounds and do not produce volatile methylarsines. Terrestrial plants preferentially accumulate arsenate over arsenite by a factor of about 4. Phosphate inhibits arsenate uptake by plants, but not the reverse. The mode of toxicity of arsenate in plants is to partially block protein synthesis and interfere with protein phosphorylation — a process that is prevented by phosphate (Tamaki and Frankenberger 1992). 

Arsenic uptake in rabbit intestine is inhibited by phosphate, casein, and various metal-chelating agents (USEPA 1980). Mice and rabbits are significantly protected against sodium arsenite intoxication by (V-(2,3-dimercaptopropyl)phthalamidic acid (Stine et al. 1984). Conversely, the toxic effects of arsenite are potentiated by excess dithiols, cadmium, and lead, as evidenced by reduced food efficiency and disrupted blood chemistry in rodents (Pershagen and Vahter 1979). 

Fischer, A.B., J.P. Buchet, and R.R. Lauwerys. 1985. Arsenic uptake, cytotoxicity and detoxification studied in mammalian cells in culture. Arch. Toxicol. 57 168-172. 

Lindsay, D.M. and J.G. Sanders. 1990. Arsenic uptake and transfer in a simplified estuarine food chain. 

Naqvi, S.M., C.T. Flagge, and R.L. Hawkins. 1990. Arsenic uptake and depuration by red crayfish, Procam-barus clarkii, exposed to various concentrations of monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) herbicide. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 45 94-100. 

Zaroogian, G.E. and G.L. Hoffman. 1982. Arsenic uptake and loss in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 1 345-358. 

Tu C, Ma LQ. Effects of arsenic concentrations and forms on arsenic uptake by the hyperaccumulator ladder brake. J. Environ. Qual. 2002 31 641-647. 

The final run 4-1 was the adsorption of phosphate from seawater to which 1 mM of phosphate was spiked. The concentration of NaCl in seawater is ca. 0.5 M, which is 500 times higher than the concentration of the spiked phosphate. Thus, it can be concluded electrolytes in seawater do not interfere with the adsorption of phosphate by Zr(FV) loaded CRP200 as in the case of arsenate uptake by Zr(IV) loaded phosphoric acid resin RGP.14... 

Table 3 summarizes the results for the effect of pH of the feeds on uptake of arsenate. Uptake or removal of arsenate until 140 BV of the feed shows that the uptake slightly decreases with an increase of the pH of feeds as widely observed in ligand exchange uptake of arsenate by metal and/or metal oxide loaded ligand exchangers.3-15... 

Marin AR, Masscheleyn PH, Patrick WH, Jr. 1993. Soil redox-pH stability of arsenic species and its influence on arsenic uptake by rice. Plant and Soil 152 245-253. 

Meharg AA, Hartley-Whitaker I. 2002. Arsenic uptake and metabolism in arsenic resistant and nonresistant plant species. New Phytologist 154 29-43. 

Uptake experiments have also been conducted with other forms of arsenic. M. edulis exposed separately to a number of organoarsenic compounds in seawater were found to be selective in their arsenic uptake (85). They did not accumulate arsenic when it was present as MMA, DMA, TMAO, or DMAE. When exposed to the three quaternary arsonium compounds (arsenobetaine, arsenocholine, and TeMA), however, the mussels accumulated substantial quantities of arsenic, with arsenobetaine being the most efficiently accumulated (Table VII). The chemical form of the accumulated arsenic was also examined. Mussels... 

It is of interest that arsenobetaine is accumulated so much more readily than other similar arsenic species. The cationic nature of the compounds may be significant those compounds not bioaccumulated by the mussel are all anionic or neutral at seawater pH, whereas those accumulated all contain a positive charge. The zwitterionic nature of arsenobetaine may also be a factor, and recent experiments with C-3 and C-4 arsenic containing betaines (compounds 42 and 43) support this view. Preliminary results (164 ) show that mussels bioaccumulate these compounds readily the relative bioaccumulation efficiency was C-2 betaine (arsenobetaine) 100, C-3 betaine 65, and C-4 betaine 6 (Table VII). These results also suggest that the distance between the charges in the molecules may be an additional factor. Expansion of studies on arsenic uptake from water may elucidate the actual processes of absorption of arsenobetaine, which may involve a specific ion channel. 

Bhattacharyya, P., Ghosh, A.K., Chakraborty, A. et al. (2003) Arsenic uptake by rice and accumulation in soil amended with municipal solid waste compost. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 34(19-20), 2779-90. 

Fernandez-Martinez, A., Roman-Ross, G., Cuello, G.J. et al. (2006) Arsenic uptake by gypsum and calcite modelling and probing by neutron and X-ray scattering. Physica B Condensed Matter, 385-386, 935-37. 

Fayiga, A.O., Ma, L.Q., and Zhou, Q. 2007. Effects of plant arsenic uptake and heavy metals on arsenic distribution in an arsenic-contaminated soil. Environmental Pollution, 147 737 2. 

Cellular arsenic uptake in the form of As(V) is mediated via phosphate transporters and in the form of As(III) via glyc-eroporin membrane proteins (Mukhopadhyay et al, 2003) or hexose transporters (Liu etal, 2004) or glucose permease GLUTl (Liu et al, 2006). The best characterized arsenic... 

Peryea, F. J. (1998). Phosphate starter fertilizer temporarily enhances soil arsenic uptake by apple trees grown under field conditions. Hort. Sci. 33, 826-829. 

Figure 7.10. Concentration-dependent kinetics of arsenate uptake in rice (Oryza sativa) roots with (closed symbols) and without iron plaque (open symbols). The curves are fitted to Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a poor fit with iron plaque. (Adapted from Chen et al., 2005.)...

Chen, Z., Zhu, Y. G., Liu, W. J., and Meharg, A. A. (2005). Direct evidence showing the effect of root surface iron plaque on arsenite and arsenate uptake into rice (Oryza sativa) roots. New Phytol. 165, 91-97. 

The presence of phosphate can influence the interaction of metals with Fe plaque in the rhizosphere because phosphate has a strong affinity for Fe oxides and, by extension, Fe plaque (see also Chapter 5). For example, in a soil microcosm experiment with rice, phosphate inhibited arsenate uptake, but the inhibitory effect was lower in the presence of Fe plaque (Chen et al., 2005). Using rice grown in laboratory microcosms, Liu et al. (2004b) showed that phosphate inhib-ited As sorption to Fe plaque (Figure 9.4Z>), and caused a greater fraction of the As to be concentrated in the roots rather than on the root surface or in Fe plaque (see also Chapter 3). 

Arsenic uptake by native fem species in Thailand effect of chelating agents on hyper-... 

Sanders JG, Osman RW and Riedel GF (1989) Pathways of arsenic uptake and incorporation in estuarine phytoplankton and filter feeding invertebrates, Eurytemora affinis, Balanus improvisus, and Crassostrea virginica. Mar Biol 103 319—325. 

Arsenic uptake from soil (i.e., arsenic bioavailability) depends on soluble arsenic species present in soil, on soil properties (i.e., the type and amount of the sorbent components of the soil), redox (Ej,) and pH conditions and microbiological activity (see Section 6.4.2.1). Uptake into plants further depends on phosphate (often originating from fertilizers) and vanadate levels, as the behavior of arsenate is similar to that of phosphates and vanadates (see also Section 6.6.1). 

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