Uptake from Water

Baudin, J.P., J. Garnier-Laplace, and A. Lambrechts. 1994. Uptake from water, depuration and tissue distribution of 110mAg in a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio L. Water Air Soil Pollut. 72 129-141. 

Yamada, H., M. Tateishi, and K. Takayanagi. 1994. Bioaccumulation of organotin compounds in the red sea bream (Pagrus major) by two uptake pathways dietary uptake and direct uptake from water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 1415-1422. 

Newman, M.C. and S.V. Mitz. 1988. Size dependence of zinc elimination and uptake from water by mosqui-tofish Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard). Aquat. Toxicol. 12 17-32. 

Gakstatter, J.H. The uptake from water by several species of freshwater fish to p,p -DDT, dieldrin, and lindane their tissue distribution and elimination rate. PhD Dissertation, Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (1966)... 

The authors also mention the interesting result that uptake from water vapor at 80 °C was less than that at lower temperatures, as reported by others, and that this difference was not due to the predrying procedure. It was suggested that water would condense on the membrane surface with more difficulty at the higher temperature and that this would retard sorption. This situation is of obvious significance with regard to humidified membranes in fuel cells. Also, as seen in other studies, the water uptake increases with decreasing EW. 

It is of interest that arsenobetaine is accumulated so much more readily than other similar arsenic species. The cationic nature of the compounds may be significant those compounds not bioaccumulated by the mussel are all anionic or neutral at seawater pH, whereas those accumulated all contain a positive charge. The zwitterionic nature of arsenobetaine may also be a factor, and recent experiments with C-3 and C-4 arsenic containing betaines (compounds 42 and 43) support this view. Preliminary results (164 ) show that mussels bioaccumulate these compounds readily the relative bioaccumulation efficiency was C-2 betaine (arsenobetaine) 100, C-3 betaine 65, and C-4 betaine 6 (Table VII). These results also suggest that the distance between the charges in the molecules may be an additional factor. Expansion of studies on arsenic uptake from water may elucidate the actual processes of absorption of arsenobetaine, which may involve a specific ion channel. 

Tam et al. (1996) investigated the uptake from water of a series of chlorinated benzenes by various tissues (leaves, petals, stems, roots) of the soybean plant. For two of the seven compounds investigated, they obtained the following apparent equilibrium leaf-water (BAFi]eafv,) and root-water (BAFimom) bioaccumulation factors (or bioconcentration factors since uptake is only from water, see Fig. 10.5) ... 

Here C is the dissolved chemical concentration in water (g/L), CD is the chemical concentration in food (g/kg), CB is the chemical concentration in the organism (g/kg organism), t is time in days (Gobas et al., 1989), and dCB/ dt expresses the rate of net chemical accumulation the organism. The first order rate constants are klr for uptake from water via... 

The hydrophobic nature of CDDs, combined with their great affinity for organic carbon, suggests that a major proportion of CDDs in the aquatic environment is sorbed to organic matter and sediment. Because only a minute fraction of CDDs are dissolved in the natural environment, bioconcentration is not the primary route of exposure for most aquatic organisms. Whereas the term bioconcentration is defined as the uptake of a chemical from water only, the term bioaccumulation refers to the combined uptake of a chemical from both dietary sources (e.g., food) and water. A bioaccumulation factor (BAF) that includes the ingestion route of uptake can be calculated based on fish uptake from water, food, and sediment (Sherman et al. 1992). 

Table 1. Level of a chemical in an organism during constant uptake from water or food, respectively, as per cent of steady-state level in relation to time (t in half-lives, tyj). calculated by means of Eq. (22)...

The uptake of five chlorinated benzenes and three polychlorinated biphenyls from sediment suspension has been investigated by Schrap and Opperhuizen [33]. In order to examine the availability of these chemicals, the uptake from water was compared with that from sediment suspension. In the two experiments, the total amount of the chemicals was the same. The only difference was the fact that the chemicals were partly sorbed on the suspended sediment in one system, whereas the chemicals were truly dissolved in the water in the other. For all five chlorobenzenes, bioconcentration factors were found to be reduced when the fish were exposed to these chemicals in the sediment suspen-... 

This residue of Mirex (only uptake from water) was calculated from the experiments of Skaar et al. [216] who determined the uptake of Mirex from food (Daphnia) or food plus water. 

On the other hand, bioaccumulation fish tests with spiked feed (1 and 10 pg musk xylene/kg feed, respectively) resulted after 140 days in non-detectable residues in the fish [341]. That means that no biomagnification and no bioaccumulation occurs and that the residues in fish and maybe also in other aquatic gillbreathing organisms can be explained by the uptake from water alone. 

Biota excretion ty, = 235 h following uptake from water, excretion ty, = 15 d following uptake from food for Juvenile salmon (Zitko Carson 1977) ... 

Biota excretion t,/, = 370 d following uptake from water ty, = 55 d following uptake from food in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Zitko Carson 1976) ... 

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