Algae freshwater

Ward TJ, Kowalski PL, Boeri RL (1995a) Acute toxicity of the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of aikyitin MA to the freshwater alga, Selenastrum capricornutum. Marblehead, MA, T.R. Wilbury Laboratories, Inc. (Study No. 865-MO). 

Such a study has been performed on a model plant system, the Nitella flexilis cell wall [1, 2, 3]. This freshwater alga has giant intemodal cells whose easily isolated cell walls constitute a simplified model of higher plant cell walls it has no lignin and its pectin is not methylesterified. Isolated cell walls are cut in pieces and distributed in different lots over the whole exchange isotherm to reduce variability between experimental points. 

Accumulation of organotin compounds in freshwater alga, Sc (Scenedesmus obliquus), and marine alga, Du (Dunaliella salina), is shown in Table 13. It was found that freshwater and marine algae accumulated organotin at a very high level81. 

As shown before in Section RLE., the toxic effects upon the freshwater alga, Pote-rioochromonas malhamensis, of the trimethyllead compound (Mc3 PbAc) was thirtyfold larger than that of the inorganic lead compound (PbClp)82. 

As mentioned before, trimethyllead was found by Wong132 to be dealkylated to form dimethyllead and inorganic lead(II) by freshwater algae. 

In freshwater algae, movement of copper into cells occurs mainly by physical transport the plasmalemma is the initial site of copper binding. Copper on the plasmalemma increases its permeability, as shown by the leakage of potassium and other ions from copper-treated cells and entry of copper into intracellular sites (Stokes 1979). 

In aquatic environments, waterborne lead was the most toxic form. Adverse effects were noted on daphnid reproduction at 1.0 pg Pb+2/L, on rainbow trout survival at 3.5 pg tetraethyllead/L, and on growth of marine algae at 5.1 pg Pb+2/L. High bioconcentration factors were recorded for filter-feeding bivalve molluscs and freshwater algae at 5.0 pg Pb+2/L. 

Freshwater algae and macrophytes, 13 species 30-7500 Adverse effects 4... 

Tang, J., K.D. Hoagland, and B.D. Siegfried. 1998. Uptake and bioconcentration of atrazine by selected freshwater algae. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 1085-1090. 

Anton, F.A., E. Laborda, P. Laborda, and E. Ramos. 1993a. Carbofuran acute toxicity to freshwater algae and fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 50 400-406. 

Sanchez, F.A.A. and M. de Ariz. 1997. Carbofuran acute and sublethal toxicity on freshwater algae and fish. Pages 743-764 in P.N. Cheremisinoff (ed.). Ecological Issues and Environmental Impact Assessment. Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX. 

Freshwater algae (Ankistrodesmus sp., Tetraedron sp.) reduced 30-90% 7 days posttreatment reduced population growth evident 1 year postapplication (Brown et al. 1976)... 

Freshwater and marine alga were unaffected at water diazinon concentrations that were fatal (i.e., 1000 pg/L) to aquatic invertebrates (Stadnyk and Campbell 1971 Shacklock and Croft 1981). However, diazinon at 1.0 pg/L induced extensive clumping of a freshwater alga (Chlorella pyrenoi-dosa) onto the antennae of Daphnia magna within 24 h (Stratton and Corke 1981). The affected daphnids were immobilized and settled to the bottom of the test containers. The causes of particulate matter adhesion are open to speculation, and additional research is merited. 

Stadnyk, L. and R.S. Campbell. 1971. Pesticide effect on growth and assimilation in a freshwater alga. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6 1-8. 

---