ARIC study

Some prospective and case-control studies also investigated the relationship of carotenoids and the evolution of CCA-IMT. Although the EVA study showed no association between total carotenoids and IMT, others like the ARIC study, the Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study, " and the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study demonstrated the protective role of isolated carotenoids such as lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and P-cryptoxanthin on IMT. Thus, findings from prospective and case-control studies have suggested that some carotenoids such as lycopene and P-carotene may present protective effects against CVD and particularly myocardial infarcts and intima media thickness, a marker of atherosclerosis. 

Hwang SJ, Ballantyne CM, Sharrett AR, Smith LC, Davis CE, Gotto AM Jr, Boerwinkle E (1997) Circulating adhesion molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin in carotid atherosclerosis and incident coronary heart disease cases the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 96 4219-4225... 

B25. Brown, S. A., Morrisett, J. D., Boerwinkle, E., Hutchinson, R., and Patsch, W., The relationship of Lipoprotein(a) concentrations an apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes with asymptomatic atherosclerosis in subjects of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. 13, 1558-1566 (1993). 

Sharrett AR, Ballantyne CM, Coady SA, et al. Coronary heart disease prediction from lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, lipoprotein (a), apolipoproteins A-I and B, and HDL density subfractions the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 2001 104 1108-13. 

Ma, J., Folsom, A. R., Shahar, E., and Eckfeldt, J. H. (1995). Plasma fatty acid composition as an indicator of habitual dietary fat intake in middle-aged adults. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62,564-571. 

Liao D, Cooper L, Cai J, Toole JF, Bryan NR, Hutchinson RG, Tyroler HA (1996) Presence and severity of cerebral white matter lesions and hypertension, its treatment, and its control. The ARIC study. Atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Stroke 27 2262-2270... 

Liao D, Cooper L, Cai J, Toole J, Bryan N, Burke G, Shahar E, Nieto J, Mosley T, Heiss G (1997) The prevalence and severity of white matter lesions, their relationship with age, ethnicity, gender, and cardiovascular disease risk factors the ARIC Study. Neuroepidemiology 16 149-162 Lie C, Hirsch JG, Rossmanith C, Hennerici MG, Gass A (2004) Clinicotopographical correlation of corticospinal tract stroke a color-coded diffusion tensor imaging study. Stroke. 35 86-92... 

Communities (ARIC) Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 279 119-124 Huxley R, Lewington S, Clarke R (2002). Cholesterol, coronary heart disease and stroke a review of puhhshed evidence from observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Seminars in Vascular Medicine 2 315-323... 

Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Bang H, Coresh J, Folsom AR, Chambless LE, Myerson M, Wu KK, Shaiiett AR, Boerwinkle E (2005) Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, higli-sensidvity C-reacdve protein, and risk for incident ischemic str oke in middle-aged men and women in die Adierosclerosis Risk in Commimides (ARIC) study. Aixh Intern Med 165 2479-2484. 

In early studies on microalbuminuria smoking was identified as a powerful predictor of microalbuminuria [16,17]. This has recently been confirmed and extended in large population based studies. In the PREVEND study Pinto-Sietsma [18] found that current smokers had an adjusted relative risk of microalbuminuria of 1.65, former smokers a RR of 1.27, but heavy smokers > 20 cigarettes per day a RR of 1.96. This finding was confirmed in the ARIC study where the odds ratio for current smokers was 2.33 and in former smokers 1.58 [19]. 

Brown SA, Hutchinson R, Morrisett J, Boerwinkle E, Davis CE, Gotto AM, Jr., Patsch W. Plasma lipid, hpoprotein cholesterol, and apoprotein distributions in selected US communities. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Arterioscler Thromb 1993 13 1139-58. 

Folsom AR, Rosamond WD, Shahar E, Cooper LS, et al. 1999. Prospectual study of markers of hemostatic function with risk of ischemic stroke. The Athero Sclerosis Risk in communities (ARIC) study investigators . Circulation 100(7) 736-742. 

Perneger TV, Nieto FJ, Whelton PK, et al. A prospective study of blood pressure and serum creatinine. Results from the Clue Study and the ARIC Study. JAMA 1993 269 488 93. 

The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study design and objectives. The ARIC investigators. Am J Epidemiol 1989 129 687-702. 

Dekker JM, Crow RS, Folsom AR, et al. Low heart rate variability in a 2-minute rhythm strip predicts risk of coronary heart disease and mortality from several causes the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities. Circulation2000 102(11) 113—20. 

Duncan, B.B., Schmidt, M.I., Chambless, L.E., Folsom, A.R., Carpenter, M., and Heiss, G. 2000. Fibrinogen, other putative markers of inflammation, and weight gain in middle-aged adults—the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis risk in communities. Obes. Res. 8, 279-286. 

The ARIC Investigators, The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study design and objectives. The ARIC investigators. Am. J. Epidemiol., 129, 687, 1989. Francis, S.E. et al., lnterleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism and coronary artery disease. Circulation, 99, 861, 1999. 

The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study involving 8334 subjects who were free from hypertension at baseline and were assessed after 6 years, found that higher levels of consumption of alcoholic beverages (210 g or more of alcohol per week approximately 3 drinks or more per day) were associated with a higher risk of hypertension. Low to moderate consumption of alcohol (up to 3 drinks/day) was associated with an increase in blood pressure in black, but not in white men. A study in Japanese men found that the effect of alcohol intake on the risk of developing hypertension was dose-dependent, starting at low-to-moderate levels of alcohol (less than 23 g/day). ... 

As shown in a Swedish cohort of healthy 50-year-old men with 20 years follow-up, proportion of 14 0 and 16 0 in serum cholesterol esters predicted the development of metabolic syndrome, independently of other metabolic and lifestyle factors [105]. Besides serum lipids, proportion of PA in adipose tissue is also related to insulin sensitivity. Unlikely 14 0 and 18 0, which were positively associated with insulin sensitivity, PA inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity in 59 healthy British men and women [134]. Since the authors excluded the effect of dietary intake for any of these SFA, they concluded that the reason is de novo lipogenesis in adipose tissue. In human skeletal muscle phospholipids, SFA [135,135] and especially PA [137] have been negatively associated with insulin sensitivity and Type 2 diabetes, [138] which could partly reflect dietary intake [139], In a Finnish cohort study of 4 years follow-up, impaired fasting glucose and Type 2 diabetes incidence were associated with serum nonesterified 16 0 levels, but were not associated with baseline dietary 16 0 intakes assessed from dietary records [140], Recently published prospective follow-up study showed that erythrocyte membrane fatty acids nominaly predict incident type 2 diabetes [141], In the American Atherosclerosis Risk in Commimities (ARIC) study, 2909 middle-aged men and women were followed for 9 years. The incidence of Type 2 diabetes was associated with total SFA levels of plasma cholesterol esters (also observed for 16 0 independently) and phospolipids (also for 16 0 and 18 0) [101]. In a more recent 4-year case-... 

Wang L, Folsom AR, Zheng ZJ, Pankow JS, Eckfeldt JH. Plasma fatty acid composition and incidence of diabetes in middle-aged adults the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003, 78 91-98. 

Lee CR, North KE, Bray MS, Couper DJ, Heiss G, Zeldin DC (2007) CYP2J2 and CYP2C8 polymorphisms and coronary heart disease risk the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Pharmacogenet Genomies 17 349—358... 

Folsom, A., Nieto, F., McGovern, P., Tsai, M., Malinow, M., Eckfeldt, J., Hess, D., and Davis, C., 1998. Prospective study of coronary heart disease incidence in relation to fasting total homocysteine, related genetic polymorphisms, and B vitamins the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation. 98 204-210. 

In addition to LPL, macrophages secrete oxygen-free radicals, proteases, and Apo E, all of which affect lipoprotein accumulation (350,353). In the ARIC study, Apo E epsilon 2/3 was associated with carotid atherosclerosis, probably through delayed clearance of TG-rich lipoproteins (367). Apo E-deficient mice develop hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, and the lipoprotein oxidation occurs in macrophage-rich areas in early lesions. However, in necrotic areas of advanced lesions oxidation occurs diffusely in the extracellular areas (368). Physiologic levels of Apo E in the vessel wall are antiatherogenic in conditions of severe hyperlipidemia, and can affect later stages of plaque development (369). 

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