Fluid Foams

Foams are cellular materials made up of soft bubbles in which gas is dispersed in a continuous liquid or solid, when the volume fraction of the gas is larger than of the liquid or solid. Foam structures occur, or are conjectured to do so, on every length scale, from the Planck scale (10 meters) to that of the large-scale structure of the universe. On the everyday length scale of your favorite pub, foam is what we get when bubbles rise 

Charge is additive the charge of a collection of bubbles is the sum of their individual charges. A foam with periodic boundary conditions has zero total charge and, hence, an average of six sides per bubble.  

The vertices of the polyhedra are called plateau borders after the blind Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau (see picture). At equilibrium the foam obeys the Plateau rules - bubble edges are circular arcs that meet in triplets at 2n/3 angles. According to Laplace s law, their algebraic curvatures (iCjj= -Kjj 0 

Thus the algebraic curvatures of the three edges that meet at the same vertex must add to zero  

This equation holds for any closed contour crossing more edges. It is also valid in 3D, with k being the mean curvature of a bubble face. 

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The majority of hydraulic fracturing treatments are performed using water-based fluids foams (with nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the gas phase) have been used extensively in recent years to reduce formation damage. Oil-external emulsions have also been used for... 

Foaming or nonfoaming fluids (foaming occurs with low surface tension liquids) ... 

Use Silicone fluids, foam suppressor in lubricating oils. 

Friesen, T.V. Transmission-hydraulic fluid foaming. International Off-Highway and Powerplant Congress and Exposition Milwaukee, WI, 1987. 

Investigating column performance starts with heat and material balance calculations, which generate liquid and vapor flows and properties. The fluid foaming characteristics and corrosivity are also determined. Typically, the calculations are done on a computer simulator, which generates liquid and vapor flows as well as physical properties, such as densities, viscosities, and surface tension. 

Desirable foams Foam drilling fluid Foam fracturing fluid Foam acidizing fluid Blocking and diverting foams Gas-mobility control foams... 

One primary benefit of using a foamed acid in a matrix application is the use of the energy for faster cleanup of the undissolved fines created during the treatment. The benefits realized by using a foamed add treatment fluid are very similar to those benefits gained from using nonreactive foamed fluids. Foamed acids use a smaller volume of add than conventional add treatments, and deeper penetration into the formation is attained. Thus a reduction in the volume of add pumped would reduce the cost of products to attain the same productivity gain. However, equipment costs would then increase because of the use of gas transports and pumpers. 

The features of foam application in petroleum industry were summarised by Schramm [224], Thereafter only very few publications appeared on this subject, so that we mainly describe Schramm s concepts. First of all, these are foams which contribute to an enhanced efficiency of oil recovery foam drilling fluids, foam fracturing fluids, gas mobility control foams, and foam acidising fluids. 

Foam fracturing and stimulation fluids Foam acidizing fluid Gas well unloading foam... 

The Structure, Mechanics, and Rheology of Concentrated Emulsions and Fluid Foams... 

Uses Surfactant for textile scouring, hard surf, cleaners, metal cleaners, concrete cleaners emulsifier for pesticides, metalworking fluids foam booster, antiredeposition agent in shampoos emulsifier, thickener in cosmetics emulsifier, dispersant in pharmaceuticals antistat for textile spin finishes, paper tissue Trade Names Emanon3199 Trade Names Containing AF 9010 AF 9020 AF 9030... 

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