Archived material

Clearly, the intended use of a collection item is extremely important to determining the acceptabiHty of a treatment. The degree to which a treatment affects appearance is obviously of the greatest importance for an art object. On the other hand, in natural history collections the collections serve as research resources above all. The effect a preservation or conservation treatment has on these research appHcations is the main consideration. Collections of art, archaeology, history, science, technology, books, archival materials, etc, all have their own values in terms of balance between preservation needs and collections use, and these values are, moreover, constantly subject to reevaluation and change. 

G. Pethersbridge, ed.. Conservation ofEibray and Archive Materials and the Graphic Arts, Butterworths, London, 1987. 

Is there a SOP for archive requirements and retention policies (Is the archived material indexed, is there document control and is it secure )... 

Bones and teeth, however, are primary archaeological materials and are common to many archaeological sites. Bones bearing cut marks from stone tools are a clear proxy for human occupation of a site, and in the study of human evolution, hominid remains provide the primary archive material. Hence, many attempts have been made to directly date bones and teeth using the U-series method. Unlike calcite, however, bones and teeth are open systems. Living bone, for example, contains a few parts per billion (ppb) of Uranium, but archaeological bone may contain 1-100 parts per million (ppm) of Uranium, taken up from the burial environment. Implicit in the calculation of a date from °Th/U or Pa/ U is a model for this Uranium uptake, and the reliability of a U-series date is dependent on the validity of this uptake model. 

Lahr G, Sticha M, Schtitzea K, et al. Diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma is facilitated by using an RT-PCR approach on laser-microdissected archival material to detect RET oncogene activation. Pathobiology 2000 68 218-226. 

A number of proteomic studies on archival material have utilized Liquid Tissue (Expression Pathology, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD), a commercial protein extraction kit for FFPE tissue.4,9,25-28 This kit is also based upon HIAR techniques and shares a similar work flow to the methods already discussed. Thin, typically 5-10pM, sections are cut from paraffin tissue blocks, the paraffin is removed, and the tissue deparaffinized and rehydrated in alcohols and distilled water before microdissection. The cellular material is then suspended in Liquid Tissue buffer and heated at 95°C for 90 min. Trypsin is added, and the material is digested overnight at 37°C prior to reduction with DTT and analysis by LC-MS/MS.26... 

This publication was supported in part by NIH Grant LM 03300 from the National Library of Medicine. I wish to thank the following for permission to use archival materials Special Collections, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University Alan Mason Chesney Archives, Johns Hopkins University and Division of Archives, State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Part of the research for this paper was carried out while the author was a Visiting Associate Professor at The Johns Hopkins Institute of the History of Medicine. A preliminary, abbreviated version of the paper was delivered at the American Chemical Society meeting in Washington, D.C., on September 12, 1979, at a session of papers in honor of Aaron J. Ihde sponsored by the Division of History of Chemistry. 

Hedley, D. W., Friedlander, M. L., and Taylor, I. W. (1985) Application of DNA flow cytometry to paraffin-embedded archival material for the study of aneup-loidy and its clinical significance. Cytometry 6, 327-333. 

Sebbelov, A. M., Svendsen, C Jensen, H., Kjaer, S. K., andNorrild, B. (1994) Prevalence of HPV in premalignant and malignant cervical lesions in Greenland and Denmark PCR and in situ hybridization analysis on archival material. Res. Virol. 145, 83-92. 

I have enjoyed preparing this Second Edition and am especially indebted to Robert Pallant, who was volunteered as Information Scientist, and to David Cox of Pains Fireworks who provided valuable advice and archive material together with some of his splendid photographs. Grateful thanks are also due to Mr. John Deeker who kindly agreed to check and give his seal of approval on the finished work. 

Many laboratories maintain the master schedule on computer, and find it a helpful tool for the allocation of resources and the scheduling of work. A computerized master schedule can also provide the index of archive materials required by 58.190(e) of the regulations. 

A laboratory that conducts nonchnical laboratory studies must provide space for the storage of raw data and specimens from such studies. Access to the archives must be controlled. This is best accomphshed by providing a lockable area and by defining in the laboratory s SOPs who has access to archive materials and under what conditions (e.g., use only within the archives or check-out rights). 

Shall accompany the specimen need not be strictly interpreted in the case of archive material. For example, a specimen labeled with an accession number can be stored in the specimen archives while the document that translates the accession number into the additional label information is stored in a separate document archive. As long as both the specimen and the associated document are readily retrievable, the intent of the regulations is met. 

In most cases these materials will be stored in the archives of the testing facility, and the report will so indicate. In the case of contract safety testing, however, a sponsor will sometimes ask that raw data, documentation, and specimens be sent to the sponsor for storage in the sponsor s archives. In other cases a laboratory may store some or part of the archival material at an off-site location. In either case the final report should reference the actual storage site(s). 

Any laboratory that conducts noncUnical laboratory studies must provide dedicated space for the storage of raw data, documentation, protocols, specimens, and interim and final reports from completed studies. The laboratory must have an orderly system for storing such material, and that system must provide an expedient method for retrieving of archived materials (e.g., on the request of an FDA inspector). 

Any indexing system for material iu the archives is acceptable as long as the system permits rapid retrieval of archived materials. 

Jain, S., Isabel, P., Felipe, M., Gullick, W. J., Linehan, J., and Morris, R. W. 1991. C-erb B-2 protooncogene expression and its relationship to survival in gastric carcinoma an immunohisto-chemical study on archival material. Int. J. Cancer 48 668-671. 

McDermott, N., Farah, N., and Milburn, C. 1997. MIB1 staining in archival material problems with immunostaining in older paraffin-embedded tissue may limit its predictive value. J. Cell. Pathol. 2 113-115. 

All SLC documentation should be archived in an environmentally controlled facility that is suitable for the material being archived, and that is both secure and, where possible, protected from environmental hazards. A record of all archived materials should be maintained. 

In the meantime, Rudolf s home had been searched three times, and each time books, archives, correspondence, technical data and his computer equipment were seized. The principal loss was not that of physical items, but the intellectual loss of data and archive material. The result was that Rudolf could no longer work as a scientist and also could not defend himself unrestrictedly in court, since his resources to... 

The most important information is visual inspection of the area to be investigated, study of results from previous investigations (archive material), interrogation of workers in emitting plants or of inhabitants of polluted sites, and information on geohydrological and climatic conditions. 

In summary, for monitoring the phosphorylation state of a tissue, highly sensitive detection provides an effective alternative to conventional detection, especially for archival material in which the fixation process is not controlled sufficiently compared with experimental material such as xenografts. The selection and validation of the phosphorylation-specific antibody used are also key processes for obtaining reliable histological information. 

Y.P. Kathpalia, Conservation and Restoration of Archive Materials. Unesco, Paris, 1973, Chapter 5. 

A Means of Strengthening Paper and Increasing the Life Expectancy of Cellulosic Archival Material... 

Conclusion For the librarian and the archivist, who must operate from an essentially practical concern for the storage of archival materials, the stabilization of moisture sorption properties of paper as a result of humidity cycling and mechanistic considerations... 

The course WDYK Health Professions focused on the avian flu, an important news item when this course was designed. It can easily be modified to incorporate swine flu, which is of current interest. Interestingly, instructors who use The New York Times or the National Public Radio in their courses can tie current or archived materials on any virus-related ailment in these media to the content of this course. 

Immunohistochemistry, on the other hand, enables identification of activated caspases or their cleaved products in fixed archival tissue sections. This technique allows identification of cell(s) undergoing caspase activation, as well as analysis of the distribution of cell(s) in the tissue. Specific antibodies to various caspases are now commercially available, the most frequently studied being caspase-3. Studies in various human tissues and cells have shown that immunohistochemical detection of activated caspase-3 is a useful tool for identifying apoptotic cells in archival material, even before all of the morphological features of apoptosis occur [84-86]. Several target proteins cleaved by caspases can also be detected by immunohistochemistry for example PARP [87], actin [88, 89], and lamin B [90]. 

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