Standard archival materials

Adsorption of transition metal species during processing, cellulose, 388 Advisory panels for standards for archival materials, potential benefits, 311 Age of cellulosic textiles determination from single-fiber creep measurements, 19-38 effect on crystallinity, 417 effect on rate of degradation, 416-17 Aged paper... 

The existence of reference materials and appropriate calibration procedures are two essential issues to be considered in quantifying the components of a sample. Quantitation has been substantially improved by the commercial availability of an increasing number of certified solid reference materials, especially for low concentration levels. Recently [42], NIST archival leaf standards were used as matrix-matched standards for reliable quantitative elemental analysis of Spanish moss samples. LA-ICP-MS was used with mixing standards in order to produce at least three data points for each calibration curve the results thus obtained were compared with those provided by microwave digestion ICP-MS/AES. Standard addition was also examined and found to be an effective method in the absence of matrix-matched standards. 

Archival material from the Kemistklubb and the early period of KS is scarce. C. Kjellin, Kemistsamfundets historia 1883-1933 (Stockholm, 1933), the standard work on KS, reproduces almost all material on the chemists club that is known to exist. 

There is little doubt on the basis of the above review that speleothems are useful in an extremely wide range of applications and the frequency of publications devoted to speleothem-based archives is increasing rapidly. Fundamental to all applications is a robust and high-precision chronology and uranium-series techniques currently set the standard in this regard for speleothems. Reliable ages can be obtained for most samples where material appears to be well-preserved. However, it will become increasingly important to demonstrate reliability as the spatial resolution of analysis improves further. 

QA/QC laboratories. The QA/QC lab is responsible for the testing of feedstocks and raw materials, process intermediates, and finished goods, and may, in addition, be responsible for the development of standards for materials, processes, and procedures. The QA/QC lab is usually characterized by the routine, repetitive nature of its workload. Testing is primarily to specification and, where lot acceptance or rejection is involved, is often on a grade category or pass/fail basis. Data may be archived for compliance with regulatory directives and for analyses of trends In material or process performance. 

Study, on a scientific basis, what causes the destruction of graphic materials, and what constitutes proper conservation measures to establish standards for the construction and installation of archives and libraries. 

Drawing exclusively upon the Jagschitz Report, on non-revisionist sources such as Pressac, Hil-berg, documents from the archives of the Auschwitz Museum, and on other sources such as standard subject-reference works which are certainly above suspicion, Walter Luftl has shown that the material presented by court expert Jagschitz can be interpreted in other, equally plausible ways, to arrive at the opposite conclusion, namely that... 

Studies of 0/ 0 isotope variations in several vascular plant species, mosses and environmental surface bog water from temperate peat bogs (Switzerland) used as climatic archives for paleoclimatic reconstruction were reported by Menot-Combes et 8 0-values in organic material were determined by the online continuous flow method after sample pyrolysis at 1080 °C in the presence of glassy carbon in a Carlo-Erba elemental analyzer. The gases obtained (CO, N2 and H2O) were separated by passing them through a water trap and a GC column in a helium carrier gas. The isotope composition of CO was measured with a VG Prism II isotope ratio mass spectrometer relative to the VSMOW isotope standard. The overall analytical uncertainty is 0.08%o for water 8 0-values." ... 

This chapter mostly emphasizes materials, procedures, and products for the creation, repair, and storage of records. This aspect is only part of the picture, as records materials are only the media for storage, retrieval, and use of information. Although we are aware of the need for, and of considerable activity in, areas such as buildings, equipment, automation, and archival arrangement and description, these subject areas are left to others who are more competent to address them. Technical standards for library and information science were covered in Library Trends (I), international standards for archives were discussed by Rhoads (2), and the general subject of standards for libraries and archives was developed by Clark (3). 

The economic benefits of standards can be considerable. To the archival community these benefits would be difficult to express in bookkeeping terms because the budget would not be appreciably different before and after standards. The benefits would accrue in the use of more stable materials, less need for repair in the future, and the presence of a focal point for gradual improvement in the conservation area. 

Standards would encourage better communication among conservators, scientists, archival organizations, and suppliers of materials. 

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