Aquatic environment hazard

EU human health risk assessment, completed on May 2005, concluded that TBBPA presents no risk to human health. Therefore TBBPA is not subject to any classification for health. TBBPA is classified in the EU as an R50/53 substance for the environment toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Hazard can be managed by appropriate product stewardship measures. 

Environmental hazards Hazardous to the aquatic environment, hazardous to the terrestrial environment, hazardous to the ozone layer. 

Acute Hazards to the Aquatic Environment Hazard category 1 ... 

Linear alkylbenzenesulfonate showed no deleterious effect on agricultural crops exposed to this material (54,55). Kinetics of biodegradation have been studied in both wastewater treatment systems and natural degradation systems (48,57,58). Studies have concluded that linear alkylbenzenesulfonate does not pose a risk to the environment (50). Linear alkylbenzenesulfonate has a half-life of approximately one day in sewage sludge and natural water sources and a half-life of one to three weeks in soils. Aquatic environmental safety assessment has also shown that the material does not pose a hazard to the aquatic environment (56). 

Neilson AH, H Blanck, L Edrlin, L Landner, P Part, A Rosemarin, M Soderstrdm (1989) Advanced hazard assessment of 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol in the Swedish environment. In Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment (Ed L Landner), pp. 329-374. Springer, Berlin. 

Fourteen formulations of chemical alternatives were submitted to EPA under confidentiality and they were assessed based on numerous human health and ecotoxicity endpoints in addition to bioaccumulation potential and environmental persistence. They were also screened for potential exposure to workers, users and the aquatic environment. Where data gaps existed, EPA experts used models and chemical analogs to estimate the hazard for a particular endpoint. The literature and test data reviews were published in the final report, Environmentally Preferable Options for Furniture Fire Safety Low Density Furniture Foam . In addition, each hazard endpoint was ranked with a concern level (High, Moderate or Low) based on the criteria used by the EPA s New Chemicals Program to rate the concern level of new chemicals submitted under the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA). As seen in Figure 8.2, where the hazard endpoint rankings are bold, the value is based on experimental data. Where the hazard endpoints are presented in italic font, the value is estimated based on models or chemical analogs. In this way, detailed hazard information was summarized and presented in a clear and concise format. 

An application of transport and compartment-type models to hazard analysis is described in the paper by Honeycutt and Ballantine (19). The compound CGA-72662 running off from agricultural areas into surface waters was modeled in order to set safe application procedures consistent with the protection of aquatic environments. Patterson, et al (2 0) have adapted the UTM model to a software package that is generally applicable to fate assessments of toxic substances in air, water, soil and biota. Their work, now in working draft form, is being used by Dr. William Wood and Dr. Joan Lefler in the Office of Toxic Substances of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

Use of SWRRB and EXAMS to Assess the Hazard of CGA-72662 to an Aquatic Environment... 

In aquatic environments, more research is needed on the chemical speciation of silver to evaluate risk to the organism and its consumers (USEPA 1987 Berthet etal. 1992). Most silver criteria formulated for the protection of aquatic life are now expressed as total recoverable silver per liter (Table 7.8), but total silver measurements do not provide an accurate assessment of potential hazard. Silver ion (Ag+), for example, is probably the most toxic of all silver chemical species and must... 

A case can often be made to omit studies as scientifically unnecessary, because it is possible to conduct an adequate risk assessment without them. This is most often the case if the substance decomposes to degradants of known hazardous properties. For example the substance may hydrolyse rapidly to non-toxic products, so the key issue is to establish that this happens rapidly in the stomach before the parent substance can be absorbed. There may then be a case for omitting the expensive long-term animal studies, providing it is also established that there is no dermal or inhalation absorption from these exposure routes. In a similar way, it may be justified to omit ecotoxicity studies on a substance which hydrolyses or otherwise decomposes in the aquatic environment to stable products that have already been tested. 

The risk evaluation involves comparing the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) with the predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) and is expressed as a hazard quotient for the aquatic environment (Table 3.1). This quotient will indicate the necessity for further refinement of the risk assessment or eventually for risk reduction. 

The information summarised in this book will provide monitoring and risk/hazard evaluation on surfactants for the aquatic environment. 

One of the key elements of the WFD is the implementation of a combined approach of emission limit values and quality standards (for waters, sediments and biota), and also the phasing out of particularly hazardous substances. Accordingly, a list of 33 priority substances, which represent a significant risk to the aquatic environment at community level, was established. For the first time two surfactant metabolites, namely NP and OP, have been included in this priority list. 

Branson, D.R. Predicting the fate of chemicals in the aquatic environment from laboratory data, in Estimating the Hazard of Chemical Substances to Aquatic Life, Cairns, J., Jr., Dickson. K.L., and A.W. Maki, Eds. (Philadelphia. PA American Society for Testing and Materials, 1978), pp. 55-70. 

Santos LHMLM, Araujo AN, Fachini A, Pena A, Delerue-Matos C, Montenegro MCBSM (2010) Ecotoxicological aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. J Hazard Mater 175 45-95... 

Zuccato E, Castiglioni R, Bagnati S et al (2010) Source, occurrence and fate of antibiotics in the Italian aquatic environment. J Hazard Mater 179 1042-1048... 

WHOI-2 1984 Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., Woods Hole, Massachusetts Zeep RG (1980) Assessing the photochemistry of organic pollutants in aquatic environments. In Haque R (ed) Dynamics exposure and hazard assessment of toxic chemicals. Ann Arbor Sci, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp 69-110... 

The substitution of chemical solvents by water in paint and coating systems and also in cleaning processes creates complex evaluation issues, as the number of the various chemical components contained in the corresponding products generally increases. In addition, the release of persistent substances into the aquatic environment tends to be favoured by this. This therefore raises the question for assessing two suitable strategies containment of known hazardous substances in closed systems or substitution of the mobile solvent by complex water-based systems that are scarcely evaluable from a toxicological aspect. 

Modeling the Fate of Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment. Pellston, Michigan, 16 to 21 Aug 1981. Published by Ann Arbor Science, 1982. Environmental Hazard Assessment of Effluents. Cody, Wyoming, 23 to 27 Aug 1982. Published as a SETAC Special Publication by Pergamon Press, 1985. 

Waste streams from sites of HDI or HDI polymer production may release HDI or HDI prepolymers to water. No information is available in the TRI database on the release of HDI to water from facilities that produee or proeess HDI because this eompound is not included imder SARA, Title III, and therefore, is not among the ehemieals that facilities are required to report (EPA 1995). HDI and HDI prepolymers may also be released to water at hazardous waste sites however, no information was foimd on detections of HDI in water at any NPL or other Superfund hazardous waste sites (HazDat 1996). Because of its reactivity with water to form amine or polyurea derivatives (Chadwick and Cleveland 1981 Hulse 1984 Kennedy and Brown 1992), monomeric HDI is not likely to be foimd in waste water streams or in other aquatic environments except near sources of release. Small amounts of HDI that have become encapsulated in water-insoluble polyurea agglomerates may persist in water (see Section 5.3.2.2). 

Ammonia is not hazardous to humans and other mammals because the existence of a specific mechanism in their bodies leads to the conversion and excretion of ammonia. However, fish and amphibians lack this mechanism, and as a result ammonia is very toxic and dangerous to the aquatic environment. 

Parent molecules, metabolites, and transformation products may undergo further transformation (Figure 9.3). A few API compounds can be hydrolyzed, such as some of the (3-lactam antibiotics [44]. Stable degradation products may result from these processes. Often the toxicity and potential environmental hazards of such transformation products are not known. Even if APIs are eliminated to some extent, they may still persist in the aquatic environment if the rate of input is higher than the rate of removal. The resulting situation in such cases is reminiscent of persistent pollutants. 

Zepp, R. G., Assessing the photochemistry of organic pollutants in aquatic environments . In Dynamics, Exposure and Hazard Assessment of Toxic Chemicals, R. Haque, Ed., Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI, 1980, pp. 69-109. 

Finally, a recent study was undertaken to assess the human and environmental hazard of recycled tire crumb as ground covering in playgrounds (Birkholz et al., 2003). Here, the PEEP scale was called upon to estimate hazard associated with aquatic exposure to water-soluble extracts of tire crumbs. Based on an initially-determined PEEP value of 3.2 for projected volumes of tire crumb leachates to the aquatic environment and a documented decrease in toxicity three months after tire crumb cover had been in place, the study concluded that tires recycled in this fashion would not present a significant risk of contamination for either receiving surface or groundwaters. 

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