Superfund Hazardous Waste Site

HDI and HDI prepolymers can be released to the atmosphere during spray applications of polymer paints containing residual amounts (0.5-1.0%) of monomeric HDI (Alexandersson et al. 1987 Hulse 1984 Karol and Hauth 1982). These substances could also be released to the atmosphere from waste streams from sites of HDI or polymer production. No information is available in the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory database on the amoimt of HDI released to the atmosphere from facihties that produce or process HDI because this compound is not included under SARA, Title 111, and therefore, is not among the chemicals that facilities are required to report (EPA 1995). There is also a potential for atmospheric release of HDI from hazardous waste sites however, no information was found on detections of HDI in air at any NPL or other Superfund hazardous waste sites (1996). Beeause of the relatively rapid reaction of HDI with hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere an possible hydrolysis (see Seetion 5.3.2.1), significant atmospheric concentrations are not expeeted to oeeur exeept near emission sourees. 

Waste streams from sites of HDI or HDI polymer production may release HDI or HDI prepolymers to water. No information is available in the TRI database on the release of HDI to water from facilities that produee or proeess HDI because this eompound is not included imder SARA, Title III, and therefore, is not among the ehemieals that facilities are required to report (EPA 1995). HDI and HDI prepolymers may also be released to water at hazardous waste sites however, no information was foimd on detections of HDI in water at any NPL or other Superfund hazardous waste sites (HazDat 1996). Because of its reactivity with water to form amine or polyurea derivatives (Chadwick and Cleveland 1981 Hulse 1984 Kennedy and Brown 1992), monomeric HDI is not likely to be foimd in waste water streams or in other aquatic environments except near sources of release. Small amounts of HDI that have become encapsulated in water-insoluble polyurea agglomerates may persist in water (see Section 5.3.2.2). 

According to the VIEW Database (1989), silver has been found at 27 sites on the National Priority List of 1,177 sites. The frequency of these sites within the United States can be seen in Figure 5-1. EPA s Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) statistical database indicates that silver has been detected at 100% of the 2,783 Superfund hazardous waste sites that have had samples of all media analyzed by the CLP (CLP 1988). 

Because relatively low intakes (compared to those experienced by test animals) are most likely from environmental exposure at Superfund hazardous waste sites, it generally can be assumed that the dose-response relationship will be linear on the low-dose portion of the multistage model dose-response curve. The equation above can apply to these linear low-dose situations. This linear equation is valid only at low risk levels (i.e., below the estimated risk of 0.01). For risk above 0.01 the one-hit equation should be used ... 

An analysis of landfill gas from 20 Class II (municipal) landfills revealed a maximum concentration of 32 ppm for benzene (Wood and Porter 1987). Benzene was measured in the vicinity of the BKK landfill, a hazardous waste landfill in California, at a maximum concentration of 3.8 pg/m3 (1.2 ppb) (Bennett 1987). Maximum estimated levels of benzene in air near uncontrolled (Superfund) hazardous waste sites were 190 pg/m3 (59.5 ppb) at the Kin-Buc Landfill (Edison, New Jersey) and 520 pg/m3 (162.8 ppb) in Love Canal basements (Niagara Falls, New York) (Bennett 1987 Pellizzari 1982). 

ERA S Contract Laboratory Program Statistical Database (CLPSD) indicates that vanadium has been detected in surface water at 6% and in groundwater at 30% of 2,783 Superfund hazardous waste sites that have had samples of all media analyzed by the CLP. The geometric mean concentration of vanadium for all sites testing positive is 18 ppm and 31 ppm for surface water and groundwater, respectively (CLPSD 1989). Note that the CLPSD includes data from NPL sites only. 

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences is funding research at the State University of New York at Albany to conduct an epidemiologic study of Mohawk women and infants to test the hypotheses that exposure to PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from a nearby Superfund hazardous waste site elevates body burdens and effects the cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function... 

Superfund Hazardous Waste Site Basic Query Form, http //www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/ query/basic.htm (accessed April 2001). A search on the Environmental Protection Agency s Superfund website revealed that 844 out of 11,116 sites contain lead. 

The Superfund database containing information on all aspects of hazardous waste sites from initial discover) to listing on the National Priorities List. Magnetic tapes are available quarterly from NTIS. Summaiy data under the Freedom of Information Act is available free by calling the Superfund Automated Phone System +1 800 775-5037. 

Motwani JN, Popp SA, Johnson GM, et al. 1986. Field screening techniques developed under the superfund program. The 7 national conference on management of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. December 1-3, 1986, Washington, DC, 105-109. 

Superfund NPL Sites. 241Americium has been detected in soil samples at one of eight hazardous waste sites where americium has been identified in some environmental compartment (HazDat 2001). It was not found in sediment at any of these sites. The distribution of Superfund NPL sites is shown in Figure 6-1. 

U.S. EPA, Superfund—Cleaning Up the Nation s Hazardous Waste Sites, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2009, Available at http //www.epa.gov/superfund. 

In 1980, Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Commonly known as Superfund, the program under this law is focused on the remediation of abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. Since 1980, Superfund has assessed nearly 44,400 sites. To date, 33,100 sites have been removed from the Superfund inventory to aid their economic redevelopment, and 11,300 sites remain active with the site assessment program or are included in the National Priorities List (NPL) for the implementation of remedial actions. By September 2000, 1509 sites were included in the NPL with ongoing or completed cleanup activities. 

Pivetz, B. E., Ground Water Issue. Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Ground Water at Hazardous Waste Sites, EPA/540/S-01/500, Superfund Technology Support Center for Ground Water, OK, 2001. 

Preliminary assessments have been conducted at more than 31,000 sites reported as possible sources of contamination. In 1990 there were over 1100 sites (presenting the greatest health risk and hence eligible for Superfund reimbursement) on the NPL.8-9 The NCP has outlined the level of cleanup necessary at Superfund sites and established the basic procedures that have to be followed for the discovery, notification, response, and remediation of the hazardous waste sites.10... 

Rocky Mountain Arsenal Superfund Site, Denver, CO Hazardous waste site Complete April 1998... 

Despite the difficulties of evaluating the true extent of contamination, the latest estimations in Europe in 2006 set a number of 3.5 million potentially contaminated sites [23]. Of these, approximately 0.5 million were expected to require urgent treatment. The National Priorities List of the 2012 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identified 1,305 superfund sites, which are defined as abandoned hazardous waste sites [24]. 

Direct release of acrylonitrile to soil during acrylonitrile production and use is believed to be minimal (less than 1 kkg/yr) (Kayser et al. 1982). Accidental spills or leaks from hazardous waste sites could lead to local areas of soil contamination, and acrylonitrile has been detected in soil at 3 chemical waste sites (NPL and other sites) being investigated under Superfund (CLPSD 1988). 

Another source of acrylonitrile in water is leachate from chemical waste sites. Preliminary data from the Contact Laboratory Program (CLP) Statistical Database indicates that acrylonitrile has been detected in surface water samples collected at two of 862 hazardous-waste sites (including NPL and other sites) being investigated under Superfund. The median concentration of the positive samples was 100 pg/L (CLPSD 1988). Acrylonitrile was detected in 12 groundwater samples collected at 5 sites, also at a median concentration of 100 pg/L. 

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act. Known as CERCLA, or the SUPERFUND amendment, this federal law deals with hazardous substances releases to the environment and the cleanup of hazardous waste sites. 

Castle, G, Brack, J., Sappington, D., and Erbaugh, M., 1985, Research and Development of a Soil Washing System for Use at Superfund Sites In Proceedings of the USEPA Sixth National Conference on Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites. Washington, D.C., pp. 452 155. 

Cyanides (reported as cyanide, hydrogen cyanide, sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide, calcium cyanide, or copper(I) cyanide) have been detected in air samples collected at 5 of the 406 hazardous waste sites where cyanides have been detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1996). The HazDat information used includes data from both NPL and other Superfund sites. No information was found on detections of cyanogen, cyanogen chloride, or thiocyanates in air at any NPL or other Superfimd hazardous waste sites (HazDat 1996). 

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