Appraisal Phase

Once an exploration well has encountered hydrocarbons, considerable effort will still be required to accurately assess the potential of the find. The amount of data acquired so far does not yet provide a precise picture of the size, shape and producibility of the accumulation. 

Two possible options have to be considered at this point  

The purpose of development appraisal is therefore to reduce the uncertainties, in particular those related to the producible volumes contained within the structure. Consequently, the purpose of appraisal in the context of field development is not to find additional volumes of oil or gas A more detailed description of field appraisal is provided in Section 6.0. 

Having defined and gathered data adequate for an initial reserves estimation, the next step is to look at the various options to develop the field. The objective of the feasibility study is to document various technical options, of which at least one should be economically viable. The study will contain the subsurface development options, the process design, equipment sizes, the proposed locations (e.g. offshore platforms), and the crude evacuation and export system. The cases considered will be accompanied by a cost estimate and planning schedule. Such a document gives a complete overview of all the requirements, opportunities, risks and constraints. 

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During the design phase, facilities (the hardware items of equipment) are designed for operating conditions which are anticipated based upon the information gathered during field appraisal, and upon the outcome of studies such as the reservoir simulation. The design parameters will typically be based upon assessments of... 

Accumulate and Evaluate New Information. The compilation and appraisal of new information bearing on the health aspects of pesticides will be undertaken by the committee. In this phase of its work it will keep in close contact with state and government health services in an effort to establish comprehensive records of poisonings and the circumstances of their occurrence it will suggest means to avoid recurrence. The assembled information will be available to all who have a use for such data. 

R D Focus. This database service [66] provides information on over 7000 drugs in active development. The service monitors the development, efficacy, and status of pharmaceuticals from early clinical testing through to launch. Data are gathered through direct contact with manufacturers and research organizations. It appraises both the scientific and commercial aspects of drug development and is searchable by product, by phase, by mechanism of action, and by country. R D Focus product is commercially available in several formats. 

Various sequential dissolution protocols have been developed by different research groups in order to accommodate their types of soils, experimental conditions, and objectives. This makes it difficult to compare the results with different procedures. We compared two SSD procedures for humid zone and arid zone soils, developed by German and Israeli soil scientists, respectively, based on aggressiveness of extractants, their specificity and selectivity, completeness of phase-extraction by each extractant from defined phases and their effects on subsequent fractions. We also appraised the applicability as well as the limitations of each procedure under different conditions. 

SR Chhabra, B Hothi, DJ Evans, PD White, BW Bycroft, WC Chan. An appraisal of new variants of Dde amine protecting groups for solid phase synthesis. (Ddiv group) Tetrahedron Lett 39, 1603, 1998. 

A large proportion of the technology appraisals so far performed by NICE on pharmaceuticals have been on products recently introduced into the marketplace. This has created difficulties for manufacturers trying to answer the questions posed by the appraisal. For most compounds, at the time of launch it is very unlikely that outcome studies will have been completed that allow accurate cost effectiveness calculations to be performed. The emphasis in Phase III is on clinical efficacy and safety to satisfy the requirements of the regulatory authorities. In most cases, it is impossible (and probably imethical) to perform pragmatic studies on the general population imtil safety and efficacy have been satisfactorily demonstrated in a tightly defined trial population. 

During the research and development phases of a project financial appraisal can and should be carried out frequently, in order to check that the process under review still constitutes an efficient use of resources. For instance, evaluation of the results of basic research or pilot scale versions of the process etc. are valuable exercises, provided sufficiently accurate information can be generated to enable a confident decision to be made concerning a positive commitment to the next stage of the project. Such information is additionally important since it highlights any inter-relationships between the various steps in the process and the final cost of the product, and indicates those operations where further efforts in process development can give the greatest beneficial effects on the cost of the product. 

Further risk assessment in the design phase will allow the detailed operation of the computer system as described in the supplier design specifications to be addressed, and enables criticality ratings to be reviewed against the detailed functions of the system and the SOPs. The assessment will provide documented records to support any update to the risk appraisal. 

The general objective, principle, and scope of application of the pT-method are succinctly described in Section 1 and also reported elsewhere in this book (see Chapter 3 of this volume, Section 5.1), where readers will appreciate that this hazard assessment scheme is adaptable to both liquid and solid media. Briefly recalled here in the context of solid-media samples such as dredged material, the pT-value, which relates to a single bioassay, and the pT-index, derived from the most sensitive organism in a test battery, permit a numerical classification of environmental samples on the basis of ecotoxicological principles. Sediment from any aquatic ecosystem (freshwater, brackish, marine) and from any of its phases (whole sediment, porewaters, elutriates or organic extracts) can be appraised provided that the proper standardized toxicity tests are available. There are whole-sediment test protocols standardized for many agencies (e.g., Environment Canada, ASTM). 

Thus far, quality objectives for chemical substances are derived from the most sensitive organisms in acute and chronic toxicity test batteries that determine NOEC values for different trophic levels. The pT-method similarly determines specific sample dilution levels that are devoid of adverse effects toward (micro)organisms of a standardized test battery. Common to both approaches is the more frequent use of water-column test organisms as opposed to benthic-dwelling organism that reflect more intimate contact with sediment. This practice is primarily based on the fact that standardized bioassays capable of appraising sediment porewaters and elutriates are presently more numerous than solid-phase tests for whole-sediment assessment. As more of these latter tests become developed and standardized (see Chapters 12 and 13, volume 1 of this book on amphipod and chironomid tests), their more frequent use will contribute to a better understand of the toxic effects of sediment-bound contaminants. 

The end-of-phase 2 conference should examine and appraise the adequacy of the phase 2 studies with respect to answering essential questions about the safety and effectiveness in humans for the claimed indications, the safety of proceeding to phase 3, the suitability of the phase 3 protocols, the completeness of the animal toxicity and pharmacology studies, and the manufacturing and controls data. 

The basic data which I compiled for the reactions involving these radicals are based partially on a critical appraisal of values reported in the literature and partially on my work. The tables given below are mainly taken from my published work. The important individual quantities which figure in these calculations are the bond dissociation energies, H... OH, H... O, H... O2H, H... O2, HO... OH, and the sum of the electron afiBnities of OH, HO2, and O2 in the gas phase and the hydration energies of the corresponding anions. The values which I have adopted are ... 

Appraisals of the optical properties of lipid solutions and dispersions will provide information on concentrations, aggregation and stability, phase transitions, densities, and repeating structuresJ Measurements of refractive index, scattered light intensity (polarized and depolarized), and birefringence are relatively easy laboratory methods on which certain product specifications may be based. Also, fluorescent techniques can readily provide information on lipid movements and transfer of lipid between particles. ... 

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