Antral

Haley BJ, Cole DJ, Lipp EK (2009) Distribution, diversity and seasonality of waterborne Salmonellae in antral watershed. Appl Environ Microbiol 75 1248-1255... 

Ogino, K., Hobara, T., Ishiyama, H., Yamasaki, K., Kobayashi, H., Izumi, Y. and Oka, S. (1992). Antiulcer mechanism of action of rebamipide, a novel antiulcer compound, on diethyldithiocarbamate-induced antral gastric ulcers in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 212, 9-13. 

The major gastric factor that affects motility and the rate of emptying is the volume of chyme in the stomach. As the volume of chyme increases, the wall of the stomach becomes distended and mechanoreceptors are stimulated. This elicits reflexes that enhance gastric motility by way of the intrinsic and vagus nerves. The release of the hormone gastrin from the antral region of the stomach further contributes to enhanced motility. 

Fig. 23. 2. The start of sequential static views activity moves along the greater curvature of of orally administered, radiolabeled para- the stomach. Bottom antral mixing has started...

Because of its antibacterial activity against microorganisms [51-54] and the lack of strains with primary resistance [52, 53], some preliminary studies [174-176] have explored the potential of rifaximin for II. pylori eradication. A first single-blind randomized study [174] evaluated the efficacy of rifaximin alone or in combination in II. pylori-positive patients with antral gastritis and... 

Takamatsu N, Welage LS, Hayashi Y, Yamamoto R, Barnett JL, Shah VP, Lesko LJ, Ramachandran C, Amidon GL. Variability in cimetidine absorption and plasma double peaks following oral administration in the fasted state in humans correlation with antral gastric motility. Eur J Pharm Bio-pharm 2002 53 37-47. 

Fuhro R, Fromm D. 1978. Effects of compounds chemically related to salicylate on isolated antral mucosa of rabbits. Gastroenterology 75 661-667. 

Gastric ulcer Gastric ulcer may produce a delay in gastric emptying time and may complicate therapy (antral stasis). 

Helicobacter pylori H. pylori is found in approximately 100% of chronic active antral gastritis cases, 90% to 95% of duodenal ulcer patients, and 50% to 80% of gastric ulcer patients. The treatment of documented H. pylori infection in patients with confirmed peptic ulcer on first presentation or recurrence has been recommended by the National Institutes for Health in a 1994 Consensus Conference. Once H. py/on eradication has been achieved, reinfection rates are less than 0.5% per year, and ulcer recurrence rates are dramatically reduced. 

A separate protein hormone produced primarily in the testis, called inhibin, also affects the secretion of FSH. Inhibin has been isolated primarily from testicular extracts but also may be found in the antral fluid of ovarian follicles in females. Inhibin decreases the release of FSH from the pituitary but does not affect hypothalamic production of GnRH. 

Gastrin inhibition. Hydrogenated oil, administered to adult rats, produced a significant reduction in antral and plasma gastrin concentrations . Gastrointestinal effect. Oil, administered to rats, induced the secretion of surfactantlike particles in the small intestine ". Genotoxic activity. Coconut oil acid diethanolamine condensate with or without S9 activation enzyme, in cell culture, pro-... 

The parietal cell contains receptors for gastrin (CCK-B), histamine (H2), and acetylcholine (muscarinic, M3) (Figure 62-1). When acetylcholine (from vagal postganglionic nerves) or gastrin (released from antral G cells into the blood) bind to the parietal cell receptors, they cause an increase in cytosolic calcium, which in turn stimulates... 

Isoprene [7.34 mmol/kg bw by intraperitoneal injection] affected ovarian follicles in 21-day-old B6( 3F. mice. Small (primordial) follicle counts were reduced by 76 5% while growing (primary to pre-antral) follicle counts were reduced by 46% 8% when compared with the respective sesame seed oil controls (Doerr et al., 1995). 

McCarthy, C. J., Crofford, L. J., Greenson, J., Scheiman, J. M. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in gastric antral mucosa before and after eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1999, 94, 1218-1223. 

Vuyyuru, L., Schubert, ML., Harrington, L., Arimura, A., Makhlouf, G.M., 1995. Dual inhibitory pathways link antral somatostatin and histamine secretion in human, dog, and rat stomach. Gastroenterology 109, 1566-1574. 

The potential sources of variability for gastric residence in the fed mode are the size of the pyloric opening versus the tablet size, the rate of reduction in the size of the tablet by dissolution and antral grinding by the stomach, and inter- and intraindividual variations in the duration of the fed mode, particularly as a function of caloric and fat content. The dominant limitation in the use of food for gastric retention is the minimal total fat content. 

It is likely that the hormone gastrin, which is secreted by the stomach antral mucosa in response to distension, also plays some role in this effect because gastrin has an excitatory effect on the colon and an inhibitory effect on the ileocecal valve, thus allowing rapid emptying of ileal contents into the cecum. This in turn elicits increased colonic activity. 

Rat (Sprague- Dawley) once (GO) Gastro 19 M (increased weight of antral mucosa) Theobald et al. 1991... 

F (decreased number of antral and preantral ovarian follicles)... 

Theobald HM, Ingall GB, Mably TA, et al. 1991. Response of the antral mucuso of the rat stomach to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 108 167-179. 

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