Antiviral activity, reviews

De Clercq E, Descamps J, De Somer P, Holy A (1978) (S)-9-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)adenine an ahphatic nucleoside analog with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Science 5 563-565 De Clercq E, Holy, A (2005) Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates a key class of antiviral drugs. Nature reviews 4 928-940... 

The retention of potent enzyme inhibition and in vitro antiviral activity in the presence of functionalisation with relatively long hydrophobic chains at C-7 of zanamivir has been exploited in the development of di- and poly-valent structmes carrying zanamivir (reviewed in Sun 2007). Multivalent presentation of drug may... 

Reviewing the genetic map of HIV, the possible targets for antiviral activity (B2) are as follows ... 

The purpose of this review is to discuss recent developments related to the chemistry and medicinal properties of natural flavonoids. This review covers more recent reports (2005 to the present date) of antimicrobial activity of flavonoids (antibacterial and antifungal), as well as the antiviral activity of these compounds. 

A review of the literature concerning the evaluation of natural flavonoids from medicinal plants reveals that many studies into their antiviral activities have also been carried out in recent years. Some of... 

Chalcones (l,3-diaryl-2-propen-l-ones) are open-chain fiavonoids that are widely biosynthesized in plants. They are important for the pigmentation of flowers and, hence act as attractants to the pollinators. As fiavonoids, chalcones also play an important role in defending against pathogens and insects. A review of the literature concerning the evaluation of natural chalcones from medicinal plants reveals that many studies into their antimicrobial and antiviral activities have been carried out in recent years. Some of these compounds were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation, after previously detecting activity on the part of the plants. 

K. R. Beutner (1995). Valacyclovir A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy. Antiviral Res. 28 281. 

Perry CM, Faulds D. 1997. Lamivudine A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of HIV infection. Drugs. 53 657-680. 

The review is organized by size of the ring and, within the size, by the nature and number of the heteroatom(s) contained in the ring. Fused heterocycles, as purine bases, are treated separately. Recently, Pd(0)-catalyzed allylation of purine bases and structurally related heterocycles has become one of the standard methods for preparing carbanucleosides having, in many cases, real antiviral activity. This is, of course, a subject of great interest. 

Many studies have been conducted to investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of various SPs. Studies have generally concentrated on synthetic dex-tran sulfates (DSs), pentosan sulfates, clinically used heparins, and seaweed-derived carrageenans. Some reviews reported that sulfated homopolysaccharides are more potent than sulfated heteropolysaccharides [2,3]. In general, polysaccharides exhibiting antiviral potential are highly sulfated [4]. 

Pujol et al. in chapter eight, reviews the chemistry, origin and antiviral activities of naturally occurring sulfated polysaccharides for the prevention and control of viral infections such as HIV-1 and -2, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), dengue virus (DENV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza A virus. 

Antimicrobial effect. The in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities of LF are well demonstrated and have been reviewed in many excellent articles (Reiter, 1985 Hutchens et al., 1994 Naidu and Arnold, 1997 Vorland, 1999). LF exerts its antimicrobial effects by various mechanisms, which can be divided into two main patterns ... 

A review article on synthetic polymers with antiviral activity and their clinical application has been published by Tarasov et al. (51). 

A large fraction of polytungstates that have been tested prove to have potent antitumoral and antiviral activity (rabies, influenza, scrapie, and the retroviruses responsible for AIDS and SAIDS). Toxicity varies widely, bnt some species are less toxic than azidothymidine (AZT) and are effective against AZT-resistant cell lines. The polyoxoanions bind to the gpl20 envelope glycoprotein of the retrovirus, and in some cases inhibit the function of the rus reverse transcriptase (cf AZT). Reviews of Structure and Reactivity of Polyoxometalates have recently appeared. ... 

This section contains information primarily about the antiviral activity, pharmacology, and treatment of herpesvirus infections. There is limited information on the antiviral treatment of adenovirus infections. The antiretroviral agents used to treat RNA viruses responsible fc>r AIDS are listed and their functions reviewed. However, there is no information on clinical trials pertaining to antiretroviral agents. 

Oxford JS, Galbraith A. Antiviral activity of amantadine a review of laboratory and clinical data. Pharmacol Ther 1980 ll(l) 181-262. 

This work reviews the recent literature (1990-early 2005) on antiviral secondary metabolites from marine organisms and microorganisms and reports a selection of results from more than one hundred bioactive compounds. Under the heading of each respective virus, this article reviews the research on the antiviral activity of extracts and compoimds present in the marine environment. This review demonstrated how far the search for new bioactive metabolites from... 

The phenomenon of viral adsorption to various surfaces was extensively studied from an environmental standpoint as reviewed by Daniels (14) and Gerba (15) for prevention of various waterborne viral transmissions. The problem of virus removal from complex protein solutions is very different from that of sewage and drinking water treatment processes because most protein molecules compete for the active sites of the adsorbents. Hence, both the adsorption rate and capacity diminish in the presence of protein molecules (16). It is the intention of this paper to demonstrate and to compare the antiviral activity of a surface-bonded QAC in aqueous solutions against 2 model viruses with and without the presence of proteins. The efficacy of the accepted antiviral thermo-inactivation was compared with the viral inactivation method by the surface-bonded QAC treatment. Beta-lactamase was used as a thermolabile model protein (17), and bacteriophage T2 and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1, an enveloped animal virus) were used as model hydrophilic and hydrophobic viruses to test these chemical inactivation methods. 

L-Nucleosides represent a class of nucleoside analogs with an excellent profile for antiviral activity combined with minimal host toxicity [105]. Synthesis of new L-nucleosides can use L-ribose and 2-deoxy-L-ribose as starting materials. Synthetic preparations of L-ribose from natural epimeric L-aldopentoses such as L-arabinose or L-xylose has recently been reviewed [106]. The simpler approach used an oxidation-reduction at C-2 from L-arabinose as depicted in Scheme 18 [107, 108]. 

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