Antioxidants beta-carotene

Everett, SA, Dennis, MF, Patel, KB, Maddix, S, Kundu, SC, and Willson, RL, 1996. Scavenging of nitrogen dioxide, thiyl, and sulfonyl free radicals by the nutritional antioxidant beta-carotene. J Biol Chem 271, 3988-3994. 

Kim, Y., Chongviriyaphan, N., Liu, C., Russell, R.M., and Wang, X.D. 2006. Combined antioxidant (beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) supplementation increases the levels of lung retinoic acid and inhibits the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in the ferret lung cancer model. 

Barth, T.J., Zoller, J., Kubler, A., Bom, LA., and Osswald, H., Redifferentiation of oral dysplastic mucosa by the application of the antioxidants beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and vitamin C, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 67, 368, 1997. 

T. Perchyonok, S. Zhang, T. Oberholzer, Protective effect of conventional antioxidant (beta-carotene, resveratrol and vitamin e) in chitosan-containing hydrogels against oxidative stress and reversal of DNA double stranded breaks induced by common dental composites In-vitro model. The Open Nanoscience Journal, 7,1-7, 2013. 

Some colors are nutrients in their own right, and they have antioxidant properties that are beneficial to health. Beta-carotene, annatto, saffron, and turmeric all have these good properties in addition to their color. In fact, the same chemistry that makes them absorb light also helps them to absorb and neutralize dangerous oxygen free radicals in the body. 

Lafferty, J., Truscott, T.C., and Land, E.J., Electron transfer reactions involving chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids, J. Chem. Soc. Farad. Trans., lA, 2760, 1978. Burri, B.J., Clifford, A.J., and Dixon, Z.R., Beta-carotene depletion and oxidative damage in women, in Natural Antioxidants and Anticarcinogens in Nutrition, Health and Disease, Kumulainen, J.T. and Salonen, J.T., Eds., Royal Society of Chemistry, Stockholm, 1999, 231. 

Kardinaal, A.E. et al.. Association between beta-carotene and acute myocardial infarction depends on polyunsaturated fatty acid status the EURAMIC study (European Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Cancer of the Breast), Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol, 15, 726, 1995. 

Kim, H.S. and Lee, B.M., Protective effects of antioxidant supplementation on plasma lipid peroxidation in smokers, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 63, 583, 2001. Gaziano, J.M. et al.. Supplementation with beta-carotene in vivo and in vitro does not inhibit low density lipoprotein oxidation. Atherosclerosis, 112, 187, 1995. Sutherland, W.H.F. et al.. Supplementation with tomato juice increases plasma lycopene but does not alter susceptibility to oxidation of low-density lipoproteins from renal transplant recipients, Clin. Nephrol, 52, 30, 1999. 

Takahashi, A., Shibasaki-Kitakawa, N., and Yonemoto, T., A rigorous kinetic model for beta-carotene oxidation in the presence of an antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 80, 1241, 2003. 

Liebler, D.C. et al.. Antioxidant actions of beta-carotene in liposomal and microsomal membranes role of carotenoid-membrane incorporation and alfa-tocopherol, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 338, 244, 1997. 

Free radicals can cause a lot of damage in the body. Vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene are known as antioxidants. All of... 

Baker, D. L. et al. (1999). Reactions of beta-carotene with cigarette smoke oxidants. Identification of carotenoid oxidation products and evaluation of the prooxidant antioxidant effect. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 12(6) 535-543. Bonnie, T. Y. P. and Y. M. Choo (1999). Oxidation and thermal degradation of carotenoids. J. Oil Palm Res. 11(1) 62-78. 

Burton, GW and Ingold, KU, 1984. Beta-carotene An unusual type of lipid antioxidant. Science 224, 569-573. 

Palozza, P, Luberto, C, Calviello, G, Ricci, P, and Bartoli, GM, 1997. Antioxidant and prooxidant role of beta-carotene in murine normal and tumor thymocytes Effects of oxygen partial pressure. Free Radic Biol Med 22, 1065-1073. 

Mein, J. R., N. Chongvirihaphan, and X. D. Wang. 2006. The effect of combined antioxidant supplementation (beta-carotene, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol) on the expression of CMOl and CM02 in smoke-exposed ferrets. In American Association of Cancer Research Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research Meeting. Boston, MA. 

Yeh, SL, and ML Hu. 2000. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects of lycopene in comparison with beta-carotene on oxidant-induced damage in Hs68 cells. J Nutr Biochem 11 548-554. 

Palozza P and Krinsky NI. 1992b. Beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol are synergistic antioxidants. Arch Biochem Biophys 297 184—187. 

The structures of four of the synthetic carotenoids (beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, beta-apo-8 -carotenol, beta-apo-8 -carotenoic acid) are shown in Fig. 8.2. By virtue of their conjugated double bond structure, they are susceptible to oxidation but formulations with antioxidants were developed to minimize oxidation. Carotenoids are classified as oil soluble but most foods require water soluble colorants thus three approaches were used to provide water dispersible preparations. These included formulation of colloidal suspensions, emulsification of oily solutions, and dispersion in suitable colloids. The Hoffman-LaRoche firm pioneered the development of synthetic carotenoid colorants and they obviously chose candidates with better technological properties. For example, the red canthaxanthin is similar in color to lycopene but much more stable. Carotenoid colorants are appropriate for a wide variety of foods.10 Regulations differ in other countries but the only synthetic carotenoids allowed in foods in the US are beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and beta-8-carotenol. 

The study of oxidative damage has sparked a debate about the role that antioxidants might play in illness and aging. Antioxidants are reducing agents. They donate electrons to substances that have been oxidized, decreasing the damage caused by free radicals. Dietary antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and carotenoids. 

As a result, the benefits of antioxidant dietary supplements are under debate. According to one study, vitamin E supplements may lower the risk of heart disease. Another study, however, concludes that taking beta-carotene supplements does not reduce the risk of certain cancers. 

Andre, C. M., Oufir, M., Guignard, C., Hoffmann, L., Hausman, J. F., Evers, D., Larondelle, Y. (2007b). Antioxidant profiling of native Andean potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) reveals cultivars with high levels of beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, chlorogenic acid, and petanin. J. Agric. Food Client., 55, 10839-10849. 

N.A. Methylxanthines, caffeine, purine, polyphenols, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, thiamine, niacin, theophylline.100,111 Antioxidant with stimulating effects. 

Rustan et al. (123) used an isocratic HPLC method for the determination of alpha-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol, BHT, BHA, PG, OG, DG, NDGA, TBHQ, ascorbyl palmitate, and beta-carotene in foods. An RP18 column was used in experiments, and seven mobile phases based on various combinations of acetonitrile, methanol, water, and tetrahydrofuran were tested. Trials with carrot juice, dried milk formula for infants, and aperitif cakes showed that all 12 antioxidants could be determined by a single isocratic HPLC analysis. The optimum mobile phase... 

Several components with antioxidant activity are found in fruit juices. These include ascorbic acid, tocopherols (vitamin E), beta-carotene and flavonoids. Beta-carotene has antioxidant activity that can quench the singlet oxygen that can induce precancerous cellular changes. 

The only vitamins likely to be found in unfortified soft drinks are vitamin C (either added as an antioxidant or deriving from fruit materials) and vitamin A precursor (beta-carotene, added as a colour). However, soft drinks provide a good medium for vitamin fortification, the limitations being solubility (for fat-soluble vitamins), flavour impairment (for example the meaty notes of thiamine) and stability. 

ACE drinks, containing beta-carotene (vitamin A precursor) and vitamins C and E. These materials are antioxidants and there is evidence that eliminating free radicals in the body will protect against cancer and cardiovascular diseases, particularly in older people. Suggested levels to... 

Paiva, S. and Ressell, R. 1999. Beta carotene and other carotenoids as antioxidants. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 18, 426-433. 

This ambivalence has generated criticism against antioxidants because they may interfere with this protection derived from the oxidative processes. Antioxidant intakes have been analyzed during clinical/epidemiological studies, which focused usually on vitamin C and E, beta-carotene, and flavonoids, respectively, The results were a mixture of positive and negative outcomes. 

Fat-soluble vitamins, in addition to their antioxidative effects on lipids, appear to exert a general protective effect in animals. Vitamin A and beta-carotenes protect lab animals from toxicity of citral, cyclophosphamide and some hydrocarbons (Seifter et al, (A2.) In related but independent studies, it was observed that high levels of vitamin A inhibit tumorogenesis and that low levels of vitamin A appear to enhance tumorogenesis (Baird, (1 ). vitamin E inhibited chemically-induced carcinogenesis in test systems (Shamberger, ) and also reduced the susceptibility of rats to cigarette smoke (Chow,... 

Sies, H. and Stahl, W., Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 62, 1315S, 1995. 

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