Clinical epidemiology

In the 1970s questions were raised about certain immunological complications as a consequence of male sterilisation or vasectomy. Clinical epidemiological data do not appear to indicate that this actually occurs in clinical practice. No significant long-term side effects of male sterilisation have been demonstrated. 

Hecdth effects data come from three types of studies clinical, epidemiological, and toxicological. Clinical and epidemiological studies focus on human subjects, whereas toxicological studies are conducted on animals or simpler cellular systems. Ethical considerations limit human exposure to low levels of air poUutants which do not have irreversible effects. Table 7-1 lists the advantages and disadvantages of each type of experimental informahon. 

Eisenberg JM, Freund D, Glick H, et al. Clinical economics education in the International Clinical Epidemiology Network. INCLEN Economics Faculty. J Clin Epidemiol 1989 42 689-95. 

In a few cases, proanthocyanidins act by inhibiting adhesion of bacterial populations to human cells. Clinical, epidemiological and mechanistic studies supported the role of cranberry in maintaining the health of the urinary tract thorough the prevention of adhesion of P-fimbriated uropathogenic E. coli... 

Dominguez, A., Broner, S., Torner, N., Martinez, A., Jansa, J. M., Alvarez, J., Barrabeig, I., Cayla, J., Godoy, P., Minguell, S., Camps, N., and Sala, M. R. (2010). Utility of clinical-epidemiological profiles in outbreaks of foodborne disease, Catalonia, 2002 through 2006. /. Food Prot. 73,125-131. 

Gillespie, S.H. (1993) The clinical spectrum of human toxocariasis. In Lewis, J.W. and Maizels, R.M. (eds) Toxocara and Toxocariasis Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives. Institute of Biology, London, pp. 55-61. 

X. Bad i a Llach Consultant, Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Health Outcomes Research Unit, Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona... 

Table 1. Clinical, epidemiological and pathogenic features of enteric infections... 

Loftus, E.V., Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease Incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences, Gastroenterology, 126, 1504, 2004. 

Landrigan PJ, Kteiss K, Xintaras C, et al. 1980. Clinical epidemiology of occupational neurotoxic disease. Neurobehav Toxicol 2(l) 43-48. 

Brian L. Strom, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine, Professor of Pharmacology, Chair, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Director, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 824 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021, USA... 

Clinical Epidemiology Branch National Cancer Institute Bethesda. Maryland... 

The assessment of human cancer risk associated with a substance is a complicated scientific endeavor requiring careful review of all pertinent information by professionals. Such assessment involves primarily the evaluation of clinical, epidemiological, and animal studies as well as short-term tests, structure activity, comparative metabolism pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of action when possible. 

Clinical Epidemiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, edited by M. J. Hensley and N. A. Saunders... 

This ambivalence has generated criticism against antioxidants because they may interfere with this protection derived from the oxidative processes. Antioxidant intakes have been analyzed during clinical/epidemiological studies, which focused usually on vitamin C and E, beta-carotene, and flavonoids, respectively, The results were a mixture of positive and negative outcomes. 

In Table 6 the most important clinical/epidemiological trials on vitamin E are reported with the main outcome (positive or negative). 

T ble 7 Clinical/epidemiological studies using /3-carotene. Dosage is reported also in terms of pig retinol equivalents (RE) ... 

Tfcble 8 Some of the most important clinical/epidemiological studies using vitamin C in cardiovascular disease... 

A cohort study is a nonexperimental study (recall Section 5.5 for discussion of experimental and nonexperimental studies) that collects information from an identified group of individuals in an overall population. Cohort studies are used widely in epidemiology and clinical epidemiology, and, as Haynes et al. (2006) noted, evidence from cohort studies (also known as cohort analytical studies) is the next most powerful method after the controlled trial (see also Fletcher and Fletcher, 2005 Webb et al, 2005 Woodward, 2005). 

Fletcher, R.H. and Fletcher, S.W., 2005, Clinical epidemiology, 4th edition, Lippincott Williams Wilkins (252 pages, paperback). 

Haynes, R.B., Sackett, D.L., Guyatt, G.H., and Tugwell, P., 2006, Clinical epidemiology How to do clinical practice research, 3rd edition, Lippincott Williams Wilkins. 

Katz, D.L., 2001, Clinical epidemiology evidence-based medicine Fundamental principles of clinical reasoning research, Sage Publications. 

Nanostructure Design Methods and Protocols, edited by Ehud Gazit and Ruth Nussinov, 2008 473. Clinical Epidemiology Practice and Methods, edited by Patrick Parfrey and Brendon Barrett, 2008... 

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