Antimony sources

Iijima A, Sato K, Yano K, Tago H, Kato M, Kimura H, Furuta N (2007) Particle size and composition distribution analysis of automotive brake abrasion dusts for the evaluation of antimony sources of airborne particulate matter. Atmos Environ 41(23) 4908-4919... 

Habboush and Osteryoung were the first to describe the electrodeposition of a Group V metal from AlClj/1-butyl-pyridinium chloride-based ionic liquids. As antimony sources they used SbCh or Sb-rods, dissolved by anodic dissolution [16]. For the composition AlCl j BuPyCl (0.8 1) a deposition of Sb was observed at —0.885 V... 

The results reported in the literature show the considerable dependence in V-Sb-0 samples of catalytic properties on the preparation procedure and in particular i) the role of the modality of reaction between vanadium and antimony sources, ii) the influence of the temperature and atmosphere of the heat treatment, and Hi) the modification of the surface reactivity during the catalytic reaction. The data obtained in these studies, however, do not allow clear conclusions to be drawn regarding these aspects. The scope of the work reported here was to compare the characteristics of a series of samples prepared according to the methods reported in patent and open literature. 

Uranium, not as rare as once thought, is now considered to be more plentiful than mercury, antimony, silver, or cadmium, and is about as abundant as molybdenum or arsenic. It occurs in numerous minerals such as pitchblende, uraninite, carnotite, autunite, uranophane, and tobernite. It is also found in phosphate rock, lignite, monazite sands, and can be recovered commercially from these sources. 

A rapid method to determine the calcium content of lead alloys is a Hquid-metal titration using lead—antimony (1%) (9). The end point is indicated by a gray oxide film pattern on the surface of a sohdifted sample of the metal when observed at a 45° angle to a light source. The basis for the titration is the reaction between calcium and antimony. The percentage of calcium in the sample can be calculated from the amount of antimony used. If additional calcium is needed in the alloy, the melt is sweetened with a lead—calcium (1 wt %) master alloy. 

In the startup of a reactor, it is necessary to have a source of neutrons other than those from fission. Otherwise, it might be possible for the critical condition to be reached without any visual or audible signal. Two types of sources are used to supply neutrons. The first, appHcable when fuel is fresh, is califomium-252 [13981-174-Jwhich undergoes fission spontaneously, emitting on average three neutrons, and has a half-life of 2.6 yr. The second, which is effective during operation, is a capsule of antimony and beryUium. Antimony-123 [14119-16-5] is continually made radioactive by neutron... 

A process has been developed to recover antimony and arsenic from speiss and other materials (11). The speiss is roasted along with a source of sohd sulfur and coal or coke at a temperature of 482—704 °C for a sufficient time to volatilise arsenic and antimony oxides. The arsenic can then be separated from the antimony through careful control of the off-gas temperature and oxygen potential (12). 

Imports and Exports. The availabihty of economical foreign sources of antimony, mainly from China, the RepubHc of South Africa, Mexico, Bohvia, and Russia, has resulted in an increase in the quantity of antimony imported for consumption. Since 1986, over 50% of the antimony imported by the United States originated in China (25). The majority of the antimony imported into the United States is now in the form of antimony oxide. Exports of antimony, as antimony oxide, increased during the 1980s. 

Prices. The price of antimony metal has declined steadily since 1984. The principal reason for the fall in antimony prices is the oversupply of material, especially from Chinese sources, in relation to demand, which has been stable or decreasing during the 1980s. Antimony prices have fallen to such an extent that some producers of antimony products now find it more economical to use antimony metal as feed material in place of antimony ore and concentrates. 

This method is used for the determination of total chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), beiylhum (Be), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), phosphorus (P), thalhum (Tl), silver (Ag), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), and mer-cuiy (Hg) stack emissions from stationaiy sources. This method may also be used for the determination of particulate emissions fohowing the procedures and precautions described. However, modifications to the sample recoveiy and analysis procedures described in the method for the purpose of determining particulate emissions may potentially impacl the front-half mercury determination. 

In contrast to specifying to suppliers what chemicals or materials are restricted, it is useful to specify exactly what chemicals and materials are desired. Once a material or chemical is well characterized, and it is considered benign with respect to human and environmental health, it can be added to a preferred or positive list (i.e., P-list). For example, a textile manufacturer may source certified organic cotton, or polyester made with antimony-free catalysts, to develop a product line based on these fibres. Or a cleaning product formulator may seek bio-based solvents or rapidly biodegradable surfactants consistent with their product development objectives. 

Therefore, as a result of a series of experiments and analyzing the literature sources we proved that in experiment shown in Fig. 6.2 the signals of the sensor cannot be related to effects of antimony hydride. 

Speisses These are alloys of heavy metals like iron, cobalt and nickel with arsenic and antimony, occasionally also with tin. Lead smelting typically yields this complex source... 

Prominent among the heavy metals found in the wastewater generated in the copper sulfate industry are copper, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, antimony, lead, chromium, and zinc (Table 22.11). They are traced to the copper and acids sources used as raw materials. These pollutants are generally removed by precipitation, clarification, gravity separation, centrifugation, and filtration. Alkaline precipitation at pH values between 7 and 10 can eradicate copper, nickel, cadmium, and zinc in the wastewater, while the quantity of arsenic can be reduced through the same process at a higher pH value. 

The work in this group has focussed mainly in antimony and bismuth because of the thermoelectric properties of the chalcogenides186 and as low temperature single-source precursors to related semiconductor materials.187 The use of bismuth compounds in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders has lead to the study of several thiolate compounds as models to understand the bioactivity. 

Mechanism [4] was based on studies involving the direct reaction of antimony metal with DBDPO in the absence of a hydrogen source. The data from these experiments clearly show that if the oxide is reduced to the metal, direct interaction with DBDPO would occur, and that this is a specific and highly exothermic reaction. However, no direct evidence for the presence of metallic antimony in mixtures containing antimony oxide, a polymer substrate and an organohalogen compound was obtained. 

All of the organohalogen compounds studied were commercial products obtained from various manufacturers and used as received. Only the DBDPO was purified further by recrystallization for some of the chromatography and thermal analysis experiments. Samples of antimony trioxide and antimony pentoxide were also obtained from commercial sources. The ultrapure antimony trioxide, bismuth trioxide, bismuth metal, antimony metal, dibenzofuran and diphenyl ether were all obtained from Aldrich Chemicals. The poly(propylene) (PP) resin was 0.7 mfi, food grade from Novamont and the poly(ethylene) was unstabilized, high molecular weight, HDPE from American Hoechst. 

Experiments with antimony metal and DBDPO clearly demonstrated for the first time that antimony volatilization was possible in the complete absence of any source of hydrogen at polymer pyrolysis temperatures. 

AS A FLAME RETARDANT. The zinc borate is an efficient synergist of organic halogen sources. In certain halogen-containing systems such as unsaturated polyester, epoxy (3), and rigid PVC, the zinc borate alone can outperform antimony oxide as shown by the Oxygen Index and UL-94 tests (Fig. 3, 4, and 5). 

Radiation is derived from a sealed quartz tube containing a few milligrams of an element or a volatile compound and neon or argon at low pressure. The discharge is produced by a microwave source via a waveguide cavity or using RF induction. The emission spectrum of the element concerned contains only the most prominent resonance lines and with intensities up to one hundred times those derived from a hollow-cathode lamp. However, the reliability of such sources has been questioned and the only ones which are currently considered successful are those for arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium and tellurium using RF excitation. Fortunately, these are the elements for which hollow-cathode lamps are the least successful. 

The Lake George Antimony Mine is located 39 kilometers west-southwest of Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. Stibnite (Sb2S3) and native antimony (Sb) were the main sources of antimony in the 100 year history of the mine (1880-1996). 

Bromine is often preferred as a FR source and, considering that most organo-bromine compounds are only 40-70 wt% bromine and that antimony trioxide is used in blends, FR-PBT blends may contain from 10 to 25 wt% FR additives. This high level of additives will have an effect on the melt processability, density and mechanical properties of the blend. 

Occurrence. Nearly all the silver ores are compounds of silver with sulphur and the neighbours in the Periodic Table arsenic, antimony and bismuth (argentite Ag2S, the most common silver compound, pyrargyrite Ag3SbS3, proustite Ag3AsS3). Other silver minerals include the halides. Silver is found sometimes as the free metal. Secondary silver (from catalysts, scraps, photographic films, etc.) is an important source. 

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