Calciums addition

The effects of calcium on polymer-solvent and polymer-surface interactions are dependent on polymer ionicity a maximum intrinsic viscosity and a minimum adsorption density as a function of polymer ionicity are obtained. For xanthan, on the other hand, no influence of specific polymer-calcium interaction is detected either on solution or on adsorption properties, and the increase in adsorption due to calcium addition is mainly due to reduction in electrostatic repulsion. The maximum adsorption density of xanthan is also found to be independent of the nature of the adsorbent surface, and the value is close to that calculated for a closely-packed monolayer of aligned molecules. 

Lanthanum chromite is a p-type conductor so divalent ions, which act as electron acceptors on the trivalent (La3+ or Cr3+) sites, are used to increase the conductivity. As discussed above, the most common dopants are calcium and strontium on the lanthanum site. Although there is considerable scatter in the conductivities reported by different researchers due to differences in microstrucure and morpohology, the increase in conductivity with calcium doping is typically higher than that with strontium doping [4], The increase in conductivity at 700°C in air with calcium additions is shown in Figure 4.1 [1, 2, 28-44], One of the advantages of the perovskite structure is that it... 

U.S. imports for consumption, 4 528t Calcium(II), concentration formation constant of chelates, 5 717t 12-Calcium-7-aluminate, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Calcium absorption, 26 292 Calcium addition, in silicon production, 22 505-506... 

Silicon photodiodes, fabrication and performance of, 19 152-154 Silicon polymers, 22 32—33 Silicon production, 22 502—504 calcium addition in, 22 505—506 carbon in, 22 502—503 charcoal in, 22 503 commercial, 22 501—502 computer control technology in, 22 505-506 costs of, 22 511t... 

Judy, R.D., Jr. and Davies, P.H. Effects of calcium addition as Ca(N03)2 on zinc toxicity to fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, Rafinesque, BuU. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 28(l/2) 88-94, 1979. 

The interaction of Ca2+ with pectins is discussed. The role of carboxylic acid salt formation and the degree of polymerization are first considered in terms of electrostatic and/or cooperative specific interactions. Then the effect of the degree of esterification and that of the pattern of carboxylic group distribution are discussed pectin esterase forms blocks which behave as fully hydrolyzed polymers and favor aggregation. Finally, the role of the calcium addition on the degree of aggregation was established. All the data show the important role of molecular structure of the pectins on calcium interactions. 

Research has demonstrated that some calcium addition is required for proper graphite nucleation (24), This effect was observed even if cerium was added during the treatment process. 

S basic splitting and basic exchange -li prior to calcium addition. The rapidly formed phosphoprotein disappears when the calcium concentration declines... 

Large Unilamellar Vesicles from Cochleates Large unilamellar vesicles can be produced with the cochleate approach [139], Small unilamellar vesicles consisted from phosphatidylserine adopt a cochleate shape after addition of calcium. Addition of EDTA creates complexes with calcium, turning the cochleates to LUVs. 

Although, the modified Miller procedure did not rank soybean products similarly to rat bioassay, when the procedure was used to test for the effect of adding calcium to soy flour, there was a clear demonstration of the inhibitory effect of calcium addition on dialyzability of zinc from soy flour (Table Vl). Magnesium ion also reduced iji vitro bioavailability of zinc. The effect of magnesium was noted previously ini vitro (19), but has not been adequately tested vivo. Iron added as ferrous ion at similar levels did not affect zinc dialyzability (data not shown). 

Promoting effect of calcium addition to Pd/Si02 catalysts in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol... 

Calcium addition removes the Ce -CO band, decreases the intensity of the Me -CO band, and shifts it to lower frequencies (cf. spectra 2 and 6, Fig. 2a). Since no appreciable variation in the density of bulk extended defects (Table 1) or Vis range absorption (Fig. 1) is observed, this result can be explained by preferential segregation of calcium cations in the vicinity of surface coordinatively unsaturated sites thus blocking them. 

The flash decay will thus be first order and attributable to the rate constant for the decay of the intermediate formed after calcium addition (Fig. 1), and the total light emitted in the flash will be proportional to the amount of intermediate. Also, it should be noted that for the flash to decay to baseline, the prior enzymatic reaction step(s) must be very slow so that little if any more intermediate will be reformed during the course of the flash, during which time the triggering substance can be withdrawn so that new intermediate can be accumulated. 

The development of commercial applications of calcium addition to improve the textural qualities of fermented and acidified cucumber products has stimulated efforts to understand the mechanisms by which this ion affects the texture of cucumber... 

Figure 3 Effect of ionic calcium addition on average droplet sizes dA3 and creaming stability of D-limonene emulsions (10 vol% oil, ionic strength 0.2 M, pH 4.7) stabilized by depolymerized pectin molecular weight 70 kg/mol...

The addition of milk protein coprecipitates (produced by high heat treatment of milk followed by acidification and calcium addition), at levels up to 5% of the blend, to processed Cheddar yielded products with increased firmness and sliceability and lower meltability and a reduced propensity to nonenzymatic browning (Thomas, 1970). However, the level at which meltability became noticeably impaired varied from 0.25 to 3.0% and varied with the source of the coprecipitate. 

PS2, and in OGP PS2 [11]. Illumination allowed vanadyl ions to be tightly bound to OGP PS2. Following this treatment oxygen evolution could not be stimulated to the higher rate associated with calcium addition. Vanadyl ions also bound tightly to the D1 /D2 cytochrome bsas reaction centre complex (Fig. 2) as shown by the characteristic epr spectrum. The binding of 25 uM vanadyl ions was reduced by approximately 50 in the presence of 1 mM CaCl. ... 

Incubation with 1-2 mg synaptosomal protein was carried out at 37 C for 10 min in a base-exchange medium (Gaiti et al., 1974)at pH 8.0 with 13 h L-serine without calcium addition, and increasing amounts of either dibutyryl cyclic-AMP or noradrenaline. Results expressed as nmol Ptd-Ser/mg protein/3 min. 

A solution contains an unknown amormt of dissolved calcium. Addition of 0.112 mol of K3PO4 causes complete precipitation of all of the calcium. How many moles of calcium were dissolved in the solution What mass of calcium was dissolved in the solution 108. A solution contains an unknown amormt of dissolved magnesium. Addition of 0.0877 mol of Na2C03 causes complete precipitation of all of fhe magnesium. Whaf mass of magnesium was dissolved in the solution ... 

W Zhou, NN Aug, Y Sun, Effect of antimony, bismuth and calcium addition on corrosion and electrochemical behaviour of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Corrosion Science, 2009, 51, 403 08. 

Fluidized bed combustion with calcium additives for desulfurization,... 

Thus, the concentration of calcium ions will influence the concentrations of the other defects. The addition of calcium thus makes it possible for us to modify the concentration of atomic defect such as potassium vacancies voluntarily. For this reason, this type of doping is named controlled atomic imperfection . Moreover, if the concentration of calcinm ions is sufficient, the potassium vacancies will be found in an amonnt practically equal to the calcium addition. 

Ceramics with calcium addition exhibit the lowest electric field at a fixed current density (10 A cm ). The addition of strontium shows a similar effect on microstructure and current-voltage characteristics. However, the BaO addition showed that low-field conductivity is slightly lower with respect to the reference material, but the high-field part remains unchanged. This behavior may be attributed to the resulting microstructure. Despite the grain morphology and porosity, the samples S (only Co an Sb as dopants), SCa, and SBa showed... 

Calcium addition to the gellan (deacylated) network (B-system) produced a similar water molecular mobility to that showed by gellan (A) films at 75.2% RH of storage (Table 2). However, an especially lower rate constant of browning was observed in B-films (Table 1). It was then inferred that in the latter system, browning is slowed down by a mechanism not water limited, probably by a chelating effect exerted on browning reactive compounds formed, as previously observed by other authors on different matrices (Simon et al., 1955 Bolin and Steele, 1987). 

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