Hepatitis antigen

For HIV HIV RNA, baseline HIV genotypic resistance test For HIV treatment Hepatitis B tests (hepatitis B surface antibody and antigen, hepatitis B envelope antigen, and HBV DNA), liver function tests... 

Healthy male subjects, aged 18-45 years (inclusive), with a Body Mass Index between 18 and 27 kg/m2 (inclusive), normal or clinically irrelevant abnormal findings (in the opinion of the investigator) in the medical history and physical examination, laboratory values, ECG, blood pressure and pulse rate, negative serology (HIV antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C antibody) and urine screen for drugs of abuse. 

A 47-year-old woman was given exemestane 25 mg daily and after 3 weeks reported fatigue, jaundice, and pruritus, associated with rises in total bilirubin, aminotransferases, and alkaline phosphatase. Hepatitis serology, including hepatitis A IgM, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B core IgM, and hepatitis C antibody, was negative, as were autoantibodies associated with autoimmune hepatitis. 

AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN, HBsAg)... 

Vaccines can be roughly categorized into killed vaccines and Hve vaccines. A killed vaccine can be (/) an inactivated, whole microorganism such as pertussis, (2) an inactivated toxin, called toxoid, such as diphtheria toxoid, or (J) one or more components of the microorganism commonly referred to as subunit vaccines. The examples are capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae and the surface antigen protein for Hepatitis B vims vaccine. 

Standardization and Testing. Potency is determiaed by quantitating the Hepatitis B antigen by an antibody-biading assay combiaed with a determination of the amount of proteia. Safety testing typical for cell culture-derived products is also performed, and iacludes assuting the absence of Hve vims. 

Enzyme immunosensors are employed for the determination of Hepatitis B surface antigen, IgG, alpha-fetoprotein, estradiol, theophylline, insulin [9004-10-8] and alburnin (69,70). However, these immunosensors generally have slow response times and slow reversibiUty (57). 

HBV infection remains a major worldwide public health problem. The World Health Organization estimates that there are still 350 million chronic carriers of the vims, who are at risk of developing chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The success of IFN-a treatment - mainly performed as combined treatment with adenine-arabinoside - has been measured by the normalization of liver enzymes, loss of HBe antigen and of detectable viral DNA in the serum of patients. It has been estimated from several clinical trials that as many as 40% of treated HBV patients would respond to therapy with IFN-a or combined treatment with nucleoside analogues and IFN-a. 

Carman WF, Jacyna MR, Hadziyanms S, Karayiannis P, McGarvey Ml, Makris A, Thomas HC (1989) Mutation preventing formation of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chrome hepatitis B infection. Lancet 2 588-591... 

Carreno V, MarceUin P, Hadziyannis S, Salmeron J, Diago M, Kitis GE, Vafiadis I, Schalm SW, Zahm F, Manzarbeitia F, Jimenez FJ, Quiroga JA (1999) Retreatment of chrome hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with recombinant interferon alfa-2a. Hepatology 30 277-282... 

Enomoto M, Tamori A, Kohmoto MT, Hayashi T, Jomura H, Habu D, Sakaguchi H, Takeda T, Kawada N, Seki S, Shiomi S, Koh N, Nishiguchi S (2007) Lamivudine and IFN-beta sequential therapy in HBe antigen-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B virus genotype C infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 27 201-207... 

Lampertico P, Del Ninno E, Manzin A, Donato MF, Rumi MG, Lunghi G, Morabito A, Clementi M, Colombo M (1997) A randomized, controlled trial of a 24-month course of interferon alfa 2b in patients with chronic hepatitis B who had hepatitis B virus DNA without hepatitis B e antigen in serum. Hepatology 26 1621-1625... 

Wolters LM, van Nunen AB, Honkoop P, Vossen AC, Niesters HG, Zondervan PE, de Man RA (2000) Lamivudine-high dose interferon combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B patients co-infected with the hepatitis D virus. J Viral Hepat 7 428 34 Wong DK, Cheung AM, O Rourke K, Naylor CD, Detsky AS, Heathcote J (1993) Effect of alpha-interferon treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. A metaanalysis. Ann Intern Med 119 312-323... 

Lok AS, McMahon BJ (2007) Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 45(2) 507-539 Manesis EK, Papatheodoridis GV, Sevastianos V, Cholongitas E, Papaioannou C, Hadziyannis SJ (2003) Significance of hepatitis B viremia levels determined by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 98(10) 2261-2267... 

Solberg and co-workers have applied discriminate analysis of clinical laboratory tests combined with careful clinical and anatomic diagnoses of liver disease in order to determine which combinations of the many dozen liver diagnostic tests available are the bes t ( ). These authors found that the measurement of GPT, GMT, GOT, ALP and ceruloplasmin were the most useful enzymatic tests, when combined with other non-enzymatic tests such as the measurement of bilirubin, cholesterol, hepatitis-B associated Australian antigen, etc. Another group of highly useful enzymes, not discussed in this review, are those clotting factors and the enzyme cholinesterase which are synthesized by the liver cells. 

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