Hepatitis antigen structure

Ping, L. H. and Lemon, S. M (1992) Antigenic structure of human hepatitis-A virus defined by analysis of escape mutants selected against murine monoclonal antibodies. J Virol 66,2208-2216... 

Hepatitis B surface antigen Monomer has 226 amino acids Yeast Mammalian cells Vaccination Approved for sale Monomer self-assembles into structure resembling virus particles... 

Alkylating agents Disrupt structures of proteins and nucleic acid Formaldehyde is used to inactivate viruses without destroying antigenic properties, glutaraldehyde is used to sterilize equipment, betapropiolactone is used to destroy hepatitis viruses, and ethylene oxide to sterilize objects that would be harmed by elevated temperatures... 

Hepatitis delta When they occur with any frequency, hepatitis delta infections pose a problem, since the hepatitis tends to be more severe than hepatitis B infection alone and is more likely to progress to chronic hepatitis. Hepatitis delta virus is a defective RNA virus that can replicate only in the presence of hepatitis B virus. It has a unique hybrid structure consisting of a delta inner core encapsulated by the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus. Delta superinfection can transform asjmptomatic or mild chronic hepatitis B infection to severe progressive active hepatitis and cirrhosis, and contributes substantially to fulminant hepatitis B (173,174). 

HBsAg) and 90% reduction in core antigen (HBcAg) activity [151]. These results were superior to those obtained with formaldehyde, and the authors proposed that glutaraldehyde should be used for disinfection of items exposed to HBV in place of formaldehyde or hypochlorite solutions. However, the authors did point out that more direct approaches to determine viral in-fectivity after exposure were required. The aldehyde is thought to interact with lysine residues present on the most exposed structural protein of hepatitis A virus [152] and it is feasible that this interaction occurs also with HBV. 

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