Anti-implantation activity

Larrea tridentate (DC) Coville(Zygophyllaceae) has been used as contraceptive agent in Mexico, and reported to display nterine relaxation activity in vitro. 3 -Demethoxy-6-0-demethylisognaiacin (211) was isolated and showed orally active anti-implantative activity in rats [176]. 

Limited information on the safety of wormwood use during pregnancy and lactation is available. One study in rats indicated anti-implantation activity of wormwood (Rao et al. 1988). 

Other than one animal study that indicated anti-implantation activity of large doses (500 mg/kg) of neem bark extract (Bhargava and Prakash 2000), no information on the safety of neem in pregnancy or lactation was identified in the scientific or traditional literature. While this review did not identify any concerns thought to be clinically relevant for pregnant or nursing women, safety has not been conclusively established. 

In female rats orally administered 500 mg/kg neem bark extract daily for 10 days, significant anti-implantation activity was observed. At that dose, fetal resorptions were observed although no changes in the number of corpora lutea were seen (Bhargava and Prakash 2000). 

In animal studies, no adverse effects of coriander fruit or oil on fetal development have been observed (Al-Said et al. 1987 Burdock and Carabin 2009 Vollmuth et al. 1990), although one study showed anti-implantation activity of a water extract of coriander fruit (Al-Said et al. 1987). The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of the oil for pregnant animals was estimated as 250 mg/kg daily and the NOAEL for fetuses was 500 mg/kg daily (Burdock and Carabin 2009 Vollmuth et al. 1990). 

In rats subcutaneously administered 0.06 ml/kg of a petroleum ether extract of wild carrot on days 1 to 7 of pregnancy, anti-implantation activity was observed in... 

Animal studies have indicated anti-implantation activity of asafetida (Keshri et al. 1999, 2004). An Eclectic medical text lists asafetida as an emmenagogue (Felter and Lloyd 1898). Based on this information, use during pregnancy is not recommended except under the supervision of a qualified healthcare practitioner. 

Dose-dependent anti-implantation activity was observed in rats orally administered 200 to 400 mg/kg of extracts of asafetida on days 1 to 10 of pregnancy. Pregnancy was prevented in 80% of rats administered 400 mg/kg of a methanol extract and in 100% of rats administered 400 mg/kg of the extract in a polyvinyl pyrrolidone 1 2 complex (Keshri et al. 1999). 

Anti-implantation activity of asafetida was observed in rats orally administered 400 mg/kg of a methanol extract of asafetida daily on days 1 through 7 of pregnancy (Keshri et al. 2004). 

The compound trans-anethole, isolated from fennel essential oil, exhibited dose-dependent anti-implantation activity in rats administered doses of 50 to 80 mg/kg on days 1 to 10 of pregnancy. At the 80 mg/kg dose level, administration on days 1 and 2 of pregnancy did not cause any changes in fertility while with the same dose administered on days 3 to 5 of pregnancy no implantation occurred. The same dose administered on days 6 to 10 of pregnancy caused a reduction in the number of pregnancies. No malformations were observed in any of the animals born from treated mothers (Dhar 1995). 

An animal study indicated that large doses of jasmine had some anti-implantation activity but no adverse effects on developing fetuses (Iqbal et al. 1993). 

An animal study indicated that large doses (700 mg/kg) of chaparral extracts exhibited anti-implantation activity (Konno et al. 1987). In this work, the contraindication for use in pregnancy is based on concerns regarding the cases... 

Anti-implantation activity was observed in rats orally administered 0.7 g/kg of a methanol extract, 0.58 g/kg of a chloroform extract, or 0.52 g/kg of a phenolic extract of chaparral daily on days 1 to 20 of pregnancy. The chloroform extract exhibited the strongest anti-implantation activity (Konno et al. 1987). 

An animal study suggested some anti-implantation activity of anise, but no adverse effects on fetal development (Dhar 1995). 

Some effects on development were observed in the fetuses of rats administered high doses (2 g/kg) of pinellia during pregnancy (Shin et al. 2007). The compound pinel-lin has demonstrated anti-implantation activity in rabbits (dose unspecified in available translation) (Chen et al. 1984). 

In mice orally administered 10 or 20 mg/kg of the compound piperine daily for 14 days, an increase in the period of the diestrous phase was observed, resulting in decreased mating performance and fertility. Postpartum litter growth was not affected by the piperine treatment. Considerable anti-implantation activity was recorded after 5 days postmating oral treatment with piperine (Daware et al. 2000). 

Animal studies of pepper and the compound piperine have indicated some anti-implantation activity of these materials (Alkofahi et al. 1996 Daware et al. 2000). Another animal study indicated that piperine improved fertilization rates in artificially inseminated animals (Piyachaturawat and Pholpramool 1997). 

Some antifertility activity was observed in rats and guinea pigs fed a diet supplemented with pomegranate husk (Cujral et al. 1960). Anti-implantation activity of acetone, aqueous, and methanol extracts of pomegranate seed, root, or whole plant was observed in rats (Prakash et al. 1985). 

Prakash, A.O., V. Saxena, S. Shukla, et al. 1985. Anti-implantation activity of some indigenous plants in rats. Acta Eur. Fertil. 16(6) 441-448. 

Although one animal study showed some anti-implantation activity of relatively high doses (250 mg/kg) of Indian madder (Sharma et al. 1983), reference texts on traditional Chinese medicine do not caution against the use of Indian madder during pregnancy (Bensky et al. 2004 Chen and Chen 2004). 

In rats orally administered 800 mg/kg of water, methanol, ethanol, hexane, ether, or dichloromethane extracts of rue daily on days 1 to 6 of pregnancy, no anti-implantation activity was observed for the water, methanol, or ethanol extracts significant anti-implantation activity was observed for the hexane, ether, and dichloromethane extracts. At the 800 mg/kg dose, the ether extract produced severe toxicity in the mothers. At 400 mg/kg, an increase in the number of fetal resorptions was observed in animals treated with the water, ethanol, or hexane extracts. A reduction in fetal weight gain was observed after treatment with water, methanol, or dichloromethane extracts. After administration of the same extracts and doses on days 6 to 15 of pregnancy, an increase in fetal mortality was observed (Al-Mahmoud et al. 2003). 

In rats orally administered 200 or 400 mg/kg of a freeze-dried ethanol extract of arjuna on gestational days 1 to 7, no anti-implantation activity was observed. In animals administered the same dose on days 12 to 14, a dose-dependent increase in the number of fetal resorptions was observed. Hexane (10 mg/kg) and butanol (100 mg/kg) fractions of the extract and the compounds arjunolone (5 mg/kg) and baicalein (25 mg/kg), but not chloroform (50 mg/kg) or benzene (50 mg/kg) fractions, also produced an increase in the number of fetal resorptions (Gupta et al. 1989). 

Biological activity Tests in rats and mice have shown that Y. exhibits anti-implantation activity (termination of pregnancy) Its derivatives are being studied for their suitability in the development of substances for the specific termination of pregnancies on account of their estrogen activity. Several syntheses have been described. ... 

Root contains 0.19-0.39% alkaloids, mainly quinoline type (dictamnine, skimmianine, preskimmianine, isodictamnine, dasycarpa-mine, y-fagarine (8-methoxydictamnine), iso-maculosindine, trigonelline, choline, etc.) lactones (dictamnolactone, obaculactone or limonin, rutaevin, fraxinellone, etc.) sterols (sitosterol and campesterol) saponins and volatile oil. Fraxinellone has antifertility (anti-implantation) activities. ... 

A pyrazoloandrostane derivative (20) has anti-implantation activity, and 2a-amlnodihydrotestosterone has moderate anti-uterotrophic activity. Papers continue to appear on the antl-fertl1Ity activity of a variety of triarylethylene derivatives.87-90 Extension of the post-coital antifertility effect of the methyl ester of dl-cis-bisdehydrodoisynotic acid (21) in monkeys to studies in humans would be of considerable interest. ... 

---