Coriander Fruit

Dried, ripe coriander fruit contain steam-volatile oil, fixed (fatty) oil, proteins, cellulose, pentosans, tannins, calcium oxalate and minerals. The major constituents are fibre (23-36%), carbohydrates (about 20%), fatty oil (16-28%) and proteins (11-17%). The residues remaining after distillation of the essential oil contain high fat and protein, which is useful as animal feed. 

Mustafaev et al. (1989) found certain parameters useful in the determination of the quality of fatty oil in coriander fruits. Drying to -16% moisture, grinding in a pirouette mill for 60 s, ageing in a thin layer for 2h for evaporation of volatile oils, comminution in chloroform in a Foss—Lett apparatus, filtration and measurement of acid number and peroxide number are better techniques to be adopted. 

Ishikawa et al. (2003) could obtain 33 compounds, including two new monoterpenoids, four new monoterpenoid glycosides, two new monoterpenoid glucoside sulphates and two new aromatic compound glycosides, from the water-soluble portion of the methanol extract of coriander fruit. Their structures were clarified by spectral investigation. The major constituents of coriander essential oils (dried fruits, herb prior to flowering and flowering herb) are listed below. 

Gil et al. (2002) made a study of the essential oil composition of coriander fruits in plants growing in environments differing in soil conditions and weediness level. The variation in the oil composition was related to the relative proportion of the constituents and not to the presence/absence of a particular component. Location, fertilization and weediness also affected the chemical profile. The European landrace showed a more stable concentration of the major components than the Argentinean landrace. 

Table 10.1. Essential oil composition (% w/w) of coriander fruit at three stages of maturity.

Borges, P., Pino, J. and Rosado, A. (1 990) The isolation of volatile oil from coriander fruit by steam distillation. Nahrung 34(9), 831-834. 

Mustafaev, S.K., Melekhina, O.V., Ksandopulo, S.Yu and Stadnik, N.G. (1989) Determination of the quality of fatty oil in coriander fruits. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Pishchevaya Tekhnologiya 4, 87. 

Pino, J., Borges, P. and Roncal, E. (1993) Compositional differences of coriander fruit oils from various origins. Nahrung 3 7(2), 1 1 9-122. 

Turysheva, N.A., Pelipenko, T.V. and Kaneeva, E.F. (1989) Qualitative changes in the essential oil when coriander fruits split. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Pishchevaya Tekhnologiya 2, 123-124. 

Composition ISO lists 65-78% linalool, a-pinene (3-7%), y-terpinene (2-7%), camphor (4-6%), limonene (2-5%), geranyl acetate (1-3.5%), geraniol (0.5-3%), a-terpi-neol (0.5-1.5%) and myrcene (0.5-1.5%) [75] as the main components of coriander fruit oil. Further constituents can be linalyl acetate, bomeol, citronellol, nerol, ter-pinene-4-ol, additionally monoterpene hydrocarbons and aliphatic aldehydes [76, 77], The latter are the main components of the weed (cilantro) oil and their amount is higher in unripe coriander fruits. E-2-tridecanal is held responsible for the bug-like odour of these unripe fruits ( bug dill ) [78], Lamparsky and Klimes have performed an exhaustive analysis which also led to the detection of interesting heterocyclic trace constituents [79],... 

ISO 3516 1997 Oil of coriander fruits (Coriandrum sativum L.), International Organisation of Standardisation, Geneva, Switzerland (1997)... 

Coriander fruits Coriandmm sativum I., var. vulgare ALEF. large Indian coriander var. microcarpum DC. small Russian coriander Apiaceae... 

Allergic reactions to coriander fruit, including anaphylactic reactions, have been reported and confirmed by patch testing (Manzanedo et al. 2004). 

Coriander fruit has traditionally been used in the treatment of diabetes, and animal studies have demonstrated that it may modify glucose regulation (Aissaoui et al. 2008 ... 

Allergic reactions to coriander fruit, including anaphylactic reactions, have been reported and confirmed by patch testing (Manzanedo et al. 2004). Occupational protein contact dermatitis and occupational asthma from coriander exposure have been reported (Kanerva and Soini 2001 Sastre et al. 1996). 

Eddouks et al. 2002 Jabeen et al. 2009 Otoom et al. 2006 Srinivasan 2005). People with diabetes are advised to monitor their blood sugar closely and discuss the use of coriander fruit with a qualified healthcare practitioner prior to use. 

Diuretic activity of coriander fruit has been observed in animal studies (Aissaoui et al. 2008 Jabeen et al. 2009). 

In animal studies, no adverse effects of coriander fruit or oil on fetal development have been observed (Al-Said et al. 1987 Burdock and Carabin 2009 Vollmuth et al. 1990), although one study showed anti-implantation activity of a water extract of coriander fruit (Al-Said et al. 1987). The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of the oil for pregnant animals was estimated as 250 mg/kg daily and the NOAEL for fetuses was 500 mg/kg daily (Burdock and Carabin 2009 Vollmuth et al. 1990). 

Dose-dependent diuretic activity of a coriander fruit extract was observed in rats intraperitoneally administered doses of 30 or 100 mg/kg, with the 30 mg/kg dose characterized as a mild diuretic and the 100 mg/kg dose reported as a "significant" diuretic, although the effects were less than that of furosemide, the control drug used in the study (Jabeen et al. 2009). Diuretic activity was observed in anesthetized rats administered a continuous intravenous infusion of an aqueous extract of coriander fruit at doses of 40... 

A reduction in arterial blood pressure, partially blocked by atropine, was observed in anesthetized rats intravenously administered a water-methanol extract of coriander fruit (Jabeen et al. 2009). 

The LD50 of an orally administered water-methanol extract of coriander fruit in mice could not be determined at doses... 

Jabeen, Q., S. Bashir, B. Lyoussi, and A.H. Gilani. 2009. Coriander fruit exhibits gut modulatory, blood pressure lowering and diuretic activities. J. Ethnopharmacol. 122(1) 123-130. 

Taskinen, J., and L. Nykanen Volatile Constituents Obtained by the Extraction with Alcohol-Water Mixture and by Steam Distillation of Coriander Fruits. Acta Chem. Scand. B29, 425 (1975). 

Oil from Bipe Coriander Fruit, distilled immediately after harvesting.—Yield 0 83 per cent. Specific gravity 0 876. Optical rotation 1- 10 48 at 16 . Soluble in three parts of 70 per cent, alcohol. Pure coriander odour. ... 

Evangelista, R.L., Hojilla-Evangelista, M.P., Cermak, S.C., Isbell, T.A., 2015. DehuIIing of coriander fruit before oil extraction. Ind. Crops Prod. 69, 378-384. 

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