Bone disorders

Paget s disease is a chronic bone disorder characterized by abnormal bone remodeling. The disease disrupts the growth of new bone tissue causing the bone to thicken and become soft. This weakens the bone, which increases susceptibility of fracture even with slight trauma or collapse of the bone (eg, the vertebrae). 

Phosphatase, alkaline (isozymes) Various bone disorders, obstructive liver diseases... 

Patients with end-stage renal disease hyperphosphatemia ineffectively filter excess phosphate that enters the body in the normal diet.278 Elevated phosphate produces the bone disorder renal osteodystrophy. Skeletal deformity may occur, possibly associated with cardiovascular disease. Calcium deposits may further build up around the body and in blood vessels creating further health risks. The use of lanthanum carbonate is being promoted as an alternative to aluminum-based therapies.279,280 Systemic absorption, and cost have produced a clinical candidate, Fosrenol (AnorMED), an intriguing use of a lanthanide compound in therapy. 

Adverse effects of copper deficiency can be documented in terrestrial plants and invertebrates, poultry, small laboratory animals, livestock — especially ruminants — and humans. Data are scarce or missing on copper deficiency effects in aquatic plants and animals and in avian and mammalian wildlife. Copper deficiency in sheep, the most sensitive ruminant mammal, is associated with depressed growth, bone disorders, depigmentation of hair or wool, abnormal wool growth, fetal death and resorption, depressed estrous, heart failure, cardiovascular defects, gastrointestinal disturbances, swayback, pathologic lesions, and degeneration of the motor tracts of the spinal cord (NAS 1977). 

Chronic exposure to high levels of cadmium in food has caused bone disorders including osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Long-term ingestion of water, beans, and rice contaminated with cadmium by a Japanese population was associated with a crippling condition, Itai-Itai disease. The affliction is characterized by pain in the back and joints, osteomalacia, bone fractures, and occasional renal failure, and it most often affected women with multiple risk factors such as multiparity and poor nutrition. ... 

In livestock, chronic molybdenum poisoning, known as teart disease, is caused by a diet high in molybdenum and low in copper. Symptoms include anemia, gastrointestinal disturbances, bone disorders, and growth retardation. ... 

Kovacs, C. S., and Fuleihan, G. E. (2006). Calcium and bone disorders during pregnancy and lactation. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 35, 21-51. 

Koo WWK, Kaplan LA. 1988. Aluminum and bone disorders with specific reference to aluminum contamination of infant nutrients. J Am Coll Nutr 7 199-214. 

Vitamin D deficiency remains the most common cause of rickets and osteomalacia in the world, with the exception of the United States and the Scandinavian countries where most dairy products are supplemented with this vitamin. This deficiency can be caused either by dietary habits or by insufficient exposure to ultraviolet light. The same type of symptoms can be observed when there is interruption of the normal vitamin D metabolic pathways due to a number of liver and/or kidney diseases. In addition, a number of inherited factors can lead to different types of vitamin D resistance which require massive supplements of vitamin D and/or minerals. Extensive reviews have been published depicting both the clinical features and their most likely causes, as well as the possible treatments of the different types of clinical disorders resulting from vitamin D deficiencies [113-117], The newly defined role for l,25(OH)2D3 upon the hematopoietic system could also have clinical relevance in bone disorders such as osteoporosis where patients have been shown to possess abnormal T-cell subsets [118]. 

Federal regulations require that fluoride not exceed a concentration of 4.0 mg L"1 in drinking water. Chronic exposure to levels above 4.0 mg L-1 may result in some cases of crippling skeletal fluorosis, a serious bone disorder. Fluoride in children s drinking water at levels of approximately 1 mg L-1 reduces the number of dental cavities. Federal law also requires that notification take place when monitoring indicates that the fluoride exceeds 2.0 mg L 1. 

Osteoporosis (fragile bone tissue) leads to an increased risk of fracture it is most common in women after menopause (postmenopausal osteoporosis), and is the most common bone disorder. The main mechanisms underlying osteoporosis are ... 

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