Humanized animal disease models translational research

Nakao, K., Yasoda, A., Ebihara, K., Hosoda, K., and Mukoyama, M. 2009. Translational research of novel hormones Lessons from animal models and rare human diseases for common human diseases./. Mol. Med. 87(10) 1029-39. 

The recommendation that, where appropriate, new animal models of human disease(s) be introduced into drug safety assessment should be an area of active research in translational medicine.32... 

As will be discussed in the following sections, there are various diseased animal models, including spontaneous, chemically/surgically induced, or genetically engineered models for academic and pharmaceutical research applications. However, details of each existing or newer models are outside the scope of this chapter. Key perspectives discussed include strengths and weaknesses of commonly used animal models, potential causes/factors for poor translation of safety liabilities from animals to humans, and their application in the nonclinical mechanistic and safety studies. 

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