Hepatic Toxicity Reasons for Poor Translation from Animal to Human

2 Hepatic Toxicity Reasons for Poor Translation from Animal to Human 

3 Available Hepatic Models to Predict Hepatic Toxicity or Understand Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity Advanfr es and Limitations 

There are multimdes of naturally occurring diseases of the liver, including infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, and metabolic disorders. Naturally occurring diseases for which 

1 Liver Cancer Models Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death. By the time HCC is diagnosed, therapeutic options are limited and survival after diagnosis is poor. Therefore, improved abilities to prevent, diagnose, and treat HCC are needed. 

It should also be kept in mind that in many instances (as with viral hepatitis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)), inflammation and/or fibrosis is a predisposing factor and it is feasible that incorporating such facets into xenograft models may result in a closer parallel to human HCC (Bakiri and Wagner, 2013). 

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