Animal studies skin contact

Hydraziae is toxic and readily absorbed by oral, dermal, or inhalation routes of exposure. Contact with hydraziae irritates the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Liquid splashed iato the eyes may cause permanent damage to the cornea. At high doses it can cause convulsions, but even low doses may result ia ceatral aervous system depressioa. Death from acute exposure results from coavulsioas, respiratory arrest, and cardiovascular coUapse. Repeated exposure may affect the lungs, Hver, and kidneys. Of the hydraziae derivatives studied, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) appears to be the least hepatotoxic monomethyl-hydrazine (MMH) seems to be more toxic to the kidneys. Evidence is limited as to the effect of hydraziae oa reproductioa and/or development however, animal studies demonstrate that only doses that produce toxicity ia pregaant rats result ia embryotoxicity (164). 

Dichloroethane is one of the more toxic chlorinated solvents by inhalation (49). The highest nontoxic vapor concentrations in chronic exposure studies with various animals range from 100 to 200 ppm (50,51). 1,2-Dichloroethane exhibits a low single-dose oral toxicity in rats LD q is 680 mg/kg (49). Repeated skin contact should be avoided since the solvent can cause defatting of the skin, severe irritation, and moderate edema. Eye contact may have slight to severe effects. 

Chloroform Chloroform (trichloromethane, CHC13) is a nonflammable organic liquid with low miscibility with water (approximately 7.5 g/L at 25°C). It shows carcinogenic effects in animal studies and should be avoided when another solvent would do as well. Vapors should not be inhaled, and contact with the skin should be avoided. 

Studies in humans and animals indicate that most of the phenol that enters the body through skin contact, breathing contaminated air, eating food or drinking water, or using products containing phenol, leaves the body in the urine within 24 hours. Chapter 2 contains additional information about how phenol enters and leaves the body. 

Information regarding health effects of fuel oils in humans and animals is available for the inhalation, oral, and dermal routes of exposure. Most of the information in humans is from cases of accidental ingestion of kerosene that resulted in respiratory, neurotoxic, and to a lesser extent, gastrointestinal effects. In addition, a few case studies have identified these effects as well as cardiovascular, hematological, and renal effects in humans after inhalation and/or dermal exposures to fuel oils. Fuel oils appear to be eye and skin irritants in both animals and humans following direct contact. Animal data exist for most systemic effects however, the data are inconclusive for many of the endpoints. Further, a number of the animal studies... 

Contact dermatitis has been reported in Japanese women who worked in a greenhouse where benomyl had been used. Eruptions on the backs of the hands and on the forearms consisted of redness and edema. Cases of dermal sensitization have also been reported. In animal studies benomyl has low acute toxicity. The oral LDso for rats was greater than lOg/kg, and the dermal LDso in rabbits was also greater than lOg/kg. There was mild irritation when benomyl was placed on the skin of the rabbit or in the rabbit eye. 

Dermal Effects. Dermal exposure to diazinon resulted in contact dermatitis in farm workers (Matsushita et al. 1985). But in another human dermal exposure study, diazinon failed to elicit an irritation response (Lisi et al. 1987). In laboratory animal studies, diazinon was also not irritating to guinea pigs in a 24-hour occluded skin patch test (Matsushita et al. 1985). 

Laboratory animals fed PBBs had body weight loss, skin disorders, and nervous system effects, and their livers, kidneys, thyroid glands, and immune systems were seriously injured. Some animals fed high amounts died. PBBs also caused birth defects in animals, but it is not known for sure whether PBBs make males or females infertile. Most of the effects in animals occurred after they ate large amounts of PBBs for short periods or smaller amounts for several weeks or months. In a lifetime study in rats and mice treated orally with PBBs at doses higher than those expected from environmental exposure, body weight loss and effects on the livers, kidneys, and thyroid glands were observed. A few studies tested animals exposed to PBBs by skin contact. These... 

Intermediate-Duration Exposure. No studies are available in humans on the effects of intermediate-duration exposure to chlorobenzene by any route. Inhalation and oral studies in animals indicate that the nervous system, liver, and kidneys are principal target tissues following exposure to chlorobenzene. An intermediate oral MRL was derived based on liver effects in rats. There are no data on effects following dermal exposure in animals. Because there is potential for exposure to chlorobenzene through skin contact, additional studies by dermal exposure would add to the database on chlorobenzene toxicity. 

Neurotoxicity. Limited data in humans Indicate that exposure to chlorobenzene via inhalation and oral exposures can result in effects on the nervous system. Clinical signs and symptoms were observed, but histological lesions were not reported. Results of inhalation studies in animals confirm clinical aberrations, but no data were found in animals following oral exposure. Further studies employing other animal species and various dose levels would be useful to determine if similar effects exist following oral and dermal exposures. Although the inhalation of contaminated air is the most probable route of exposure to, chlorobenzene, there is also potential for exposure through skin contact or by consumption of contaminated water. Animal studies in which chlorobenzene is administered orally or dermally would allow determination of neurotoxicity by these routes. 

These compounds may act as allergens that produce dermatitis in contact with skin. Not much information is available regarding their toxicities to humans, although animal studies suggest several toxic effects, including hemolytic anemia. 

Toxicity Studies by Cheever et al.31,41,45 have indicated that n-Butylamine has caused toxicity to animals. The acute oral LD50 of male and female Sprague Dawley rats is 371 mg/kg. The vapors of n-Butylamine cause irritation to eyes and mucous membranes, as well as irritation and blistering effects to the skin of animals and humans.31,41,45 Workers exposed by direct skin contact to the liquid form demonstrated severe irritation of the skin in addition to deep second-degree bums and blistering. 

No studies were available regarding cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, renal, dermal or ocular effects in humans after inhalation exposure to tetryl. Dermal effects, presumably from direct skin contact, are described in Section 2.2.3.2. No studies were located regarding systemic effects in animals after inhalation exposure to tetryl. The systemic effects that have been observed after inhalation exposure in humans are described below. 

CONSENSUS REPORTS lARC Cancer Review Group 2B IMEMDT 45,219,89 Animal Limited Evidence IMEMDT 45,219,89. Reported in NTP Carcinogenesis Studies (dermal) Equivocal Evidence mouse NTPTR NTP-TR-310,86 ACGIH TLV TWA 100 mg/m (skin) Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Revelance to Humans SAFETY PROFILE Suspected carcinogen. Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact. 

CONSENSUS REPORTS lARC Cancer Review Group 3 IMEMDT 7,56,87 Animal Limited Evidence IMEMDT 36,69,85. NTP Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage) Clear Evidence mouse, rat NTPTR NTP-TR-253,83. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory. SAFETY PROFILE Suspected carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by skin contact. A skin irritant. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes. See also ALLYL COMPOUNDS and ESTERS. 

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