Female infertility

Pivotal pre-approval safety and efficacy was assessed in a randomized, open label, multicentre study of infertile females undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. The primary efficacy parameter was the mean number of oocytes retrieved, which (at 13.6) was similar to the number retrieved when urinary-derived hCG was used. Serious potential side effects can include ovarian over/hyper-stimulation, sometimes with pulmonary or vascular complications. The product is marketed by Serono Inc. 

Wildt, L., G. Marshall E. Knobil. 1980. Experimental induction of puberty in the infertile female rhesus monkey. Science 207 1373-5. 

In view of the notion that chemotaxis is required for the selection of capacitated spermatozoa, faulty precontact sperm-egg communication may be one of the causes of male infertility, female infertility, or both. It is reasonable that, in the future, chemotaxis may be exploited as a diagnostic tool for sperm quality and male infertility and may be used as a biological sperm-selection procedure before in vitro fertilization, especially before intracytoplasmic single sperm insertion or for intrauterine insemination. Moreover, the chemotactic activity of a follicular fluid may be an effective way to monitor the possible effects of different ovulation induction protocols on the maturational status of oocytes aspirated for in vitro fertilization [2]. On the other hand, interference vwth sperm chemotaxis may represent an exciting new approach to contraception. 

Infertility, female 554, 562 Inflammatory bowel disease 343 Insecure gait 114 Insomnia 174, 387-389 Intelligence, normal 377, 379 Interest, lack of 646 Intersex 569-570... 

For the purposes of this article, antiestrogens are compounds that counteract the biological activity of estrogens at the receptor level. In the late 1970s, there were no steroidal antiestrogens in widespread clinical use. Clomiphene [911 -45-5]( ) and tamoxifen/7(954(9-25 -/7(9) were nonsteroidal antiestrogens that had been employed for the treatment of female infertility and breast cancer, respectively. 

PH-20, a guinea pig sperm protein of 64 kD, is present on both the plasma membrane and inner acrosomal membrane of sperm. It is essential for adhesion of sperm to the zona peUucida, the initial step in the fertilization process. Active immunization with PH-20 causes infertility in both male and female guinea pigs for a period ranging from 6 to 15 months (120). 

Mice models reveal that both PR foims are physiologically important. Mice lacking the PR gene fail to ovulate, are infertile, and have impaired thymic function. Selective PRA-deficient female mice are infertile due to reduced oocyte and uterine deficiency... 

Tributyltin compounds used as antifouling agents on boats have had serious toxic effects upon many mollusks, including populations of oysters and dog whelks. Females of the latter species developed a condition known as imposex, which rendered them infertile and caused local extinction of the population in shallow coastal waters. Imposex provides the basis for a valuable biomarker assay. 

Gonal-F Human follicle-stimulating hormone Serono laboratories Female infertility... 

Crohn s disease antihistamine female infertility anticancer... 

In females, menotrophins and hCG are used for the treatment of anovulatory infertility. This condition is due to insufficient endogenous gonadotrophin production. Menotrophin is administered to stimulate follicular maturation, with subsequent administration of hCG to promote ovulation and corpus luteum formation. Mating at this point should lead to fertilization. 

Ovitrelle (tradename in EU, sold as Ovidrel in the USA and also known as choriogonadotropin alfa) is a recombinant hCG approved for general medical use in the EU and USA in 2001. It is indicated for the treatment of female infertility due to anovulation and for patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology. It is used to trigger final follicle maturation and luteinization after follicle stimulation. 

Uterine leiomyomas are the most frequent benign disease of the female reproductive apparatus. At least 20-25% of women of fertile age and 50% of women studied in postmortem have uterine leiomyomas (Stewart 2001 Palomba et al. 2005a). In between 20 and 50% of cases, the uterine leiomyomas cause a clinically relevant symptomatology (such as menorrhagia, infertility, recurrent abortion, pelvic pain, and so on) and treatment is required (Stewart 2001 Palomba et al. 2006a). Thus, this disease is one of the main causes of health expense in the field of gynecology (Stewart 2001 Palomba et al. 2006a). In fact,... 

Klinefelter s Syndrome This condition affects males where there are 3 chromosomes, XXY, instead of XY in the sex chromosome. These males are normally infertile and have some female characteristics. There may be a greater risk in developing germ cell tumors. 

Turner s Syndrome Instead of the XX female sex chromosome, female sufferers have only one X chromosome. Most fetuses do not survive. Those born are infertile and carry congenital defects in heart, kidney, and thyroid. 

Since, H2AX deficient males, but not female mice, are infertile, H2AX could be involved in male infertility (Celeste et al, 2002). The size of the testes of male... 

Reproductive studies showed that 14 pairs of mice that received 40 ppm chlordecone in the diet for 2 months before mating and during the test produced no litters, whereas 14 control pairs produced 14 first litters and 14 second litters. Further studies in mice found that infertility in chlordecone-exposed females was due to an absence or reduction in the number of ovulated oocytes. Prenatal exposure of rats has also been shown to persistently alter neurobehaviors in adults. ... 

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