And infertility

In 1956 selenium was identified (123) as an essential micronutrient iu nutrition. In conjunction with vitamin E, selenium is effective iu the prevention of muscular dystrophy iu animals. Sodium selenite is adrninistered to prevent exudative diathesis iu chicks, a condition iu which fluid leaks out of the tissues white muscle disease iu sheep and infertility iu ewes (see Eeed ADDITIVES). Selenium lessens the iacidence of pneumonia iu lambs and of premature, weak, and stillborn calves controls hepatosis dietetica iu pigs and decreases muscular inflammation iu horses. White muscle disease, widespread iu sheep and cattle of the selenium-deficient areas of New Zealand and the United States, is insignificant iu high selenium soil areas. The supplementation of animal feeds with selenium was approved by the U.S. EDA iu 1974 (see Eeed additives). Much of selenium s metaboHc activity results from its involvement iu the selenoproteia enzyme, glutathione peroxidase. 

Natural methods, ie, natural family planning, are methods based on awareness of the fertile and infertile segments of the menstmal cycle. This awareness can be utilized to avoid pregnancy or to become pregnant. 

In order to avoid conception, abstinence from sexual intercourse during the fertile period of the menstmal cycle must be practiced (77,104). It has been deterrnined that the fertile period in women occurs before menstmation (105,106), and formulas have been developed to determine the fertile and infertile days of the menstmal cycle. Ovulation has been linked to a cycHc shift in basal body temperature (107), which can be used retrospectively to determine the time of ovulation. 

Measure the treatment success for the various menstruation-related disorders by the degree to which the care plan (1) relieves or reverses symptoms of the disorder, (2) prevents or reverses the complications of the disorder (e.g., osteoporosis, anemia, and infertility), and (3) minimizes side effects. The return of a regular menstrual cycle with minimal premenstrual symptoms or symptoms of dysmenorrhea should occur. Depending on the desire for conception and subsequent therapy, this cycle may be ovulatory or anovulatory. 

Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 7th ed. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams Wilkins 2005. 

One of the factors that determine the effectiveness of a placebo is the nature of the condition being treated. Conditions that have a strong psychological component - such as pain, anxiety and depression - are particularly prone to placebo influence, whereas conditions like bone fractures, diabetes and infertility are less likely to be affected by placebo treatment. But this does not mean that placebo effects are all in the mind . Placebos affect physiology as well as psychology. 

The problems of alcohol dependence and alcoholism are dealt with in Chapter 10. Suffice it to say here that problem drinkers risk numerous psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression, and may experience physical withdrawal symptoms. There are also numerous medical problems related to heavy, chronic alcohol consumption these include increased risk of coronary heart disease, liver cirrhosis, impotence and infertility, cancer and stroke (Chapter 10). It is estimated that alcohol plays a part in up to 33,000 deaths per year in the UK (DoH, 2001). Within the last year 1 in 4 adults will have experienced loss of memory following an alcoholic binge, injured themselves or... 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 414-4163) Unwanted pharmacologic side effects produced by phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs (e.g., perphenazine) include Parkinson-like syndrome, akathisia, dystonias, galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and infertility. These side effects are due to the ability of these agents to block dopamine receptors. The phenothiazines also block muscarinic and a-adrenergic receptors, which are responsible for other effects. 

Premature ovarian failure is a condition characterized by sex-steroid deficiency, amenorrhea, and infertility in women younger than 40 years of age. It affects 1% of women. Premature ovarian failure is associated with a significantly higher risk for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease and increased mortality. 

For some syndromes, clinical manifestations may be minimal or absent. Recurrent herpes infection may manifest as a single lesion. cMost cases of pharyngeal gonococci infection are asymptomatic. Salpingitis increases the risk of subsequent ectopic pregnancy and infertility. 

Akande VA, Hunt LP, Cahill DJ, Jenkins JM (2004) Differences in time to natural conception between women with unexplained infertility and infertile women with minor endometriosis. Hum Reprod 19 96-103... 

Check JH (2003a) The association of minimal and mild endometriosis without adhesions and infertility with therapeutic strategies. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 30 13-18... 

Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are the most common type of solid tumors in adult women, clinically apparent in at least 25% of those of reproductive age [24-26]. Abnormal menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility are the most commonly experienced symptoms in these women. Uterine fibroids are the leading cause of hysterectomies performed in the United States, accounting for over 200,000 of these procedures each year. Other invasive surgical interventions for the treatment of uterine fibroids include myomectomy and uterine artery embolization. Leiomyomas are estrogen-responsive tumors that can be treated... 

DiethylstUbestrol (DBS), taken in the late 1950s and early 1960s to prevent miscarriages and also nsed as an animal fattener, was reported to canse vaginal cancer in the danghters of these women as well as prematnre deliveries, miscarriages, and infertility. 

Hofmann N, Hilscher B (1991) Use of aniline blue to assess chromatin condensation in morphologically normal spermatozoa in normal and infertile men. Hum Reprod 6 979-982 Howman EV, Fowler KJ, Newson AJ, Redward S, MacDonald AC, Kalitsis P, Choo KH (2000) Early disruption of centromeric chromatin organization in centromere protein A (Cenpa) null mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 1148-1153... 

Polycystic ovary syndrome endocrine disorder characterised by amenorrhoea, hirsutism and infertility Porphyria inherited disorders presenting with increased production of porphyrins in the bone marrow Prostatic hyperplasia enlargement of the prostate Pseudomembranous colitis diarrhoea occurring in patients who received antibacterial agents, caused by the resulting overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract... 

Two major systems have been identified as toxicity targets for 1,3-DNB the red blood cell and the male reproductive system (see Section 2.2.2). In the red blood cell, 1,3-DNB induces formation of methemoglobin leading to cyanosis (Blackburn et al. 1988 Linder et al. 1988, 1990 Reader et al. 1991). In the male reproductive system, 1,3-DNB causes disruption of spermatogenesis resulting in hypospermia, poor sperm quality, and infertility (Blackburn et al. 1988 Hess et al. 1988 Linder et al. 1988). Whether adverse hematological and reproductive effects are caused by the same mechanism of action remains unresolved. 

Linder RE, Hess RA, Strader LF. 1986. Testicular toxicity and infertility in male rats treated with... 

Toxicology. 2-Methoxyethanol (2ME) affects the central nervous system and depresses the hematopoietic system in animals, it causes adverse reproductive effects, including terato-genesis, testicular atrophy, and infertility. 

Fertility Impairment Oligospermia and infertility have been observed in men treated... 

Celiac disease is a lifelong condition. If celiac disease is not diagnosed early and treated with a strict gluten-free diet, it can be associated with serious complications, including osteoporosis, lymphoma, and infertility in both men and women (Bianchi and Bardella, 2008 Fasano et ah, 2008 Freeman, 2008 Green and Cellier, 2007 Malandrino et ah, 2008 Mangione, 2008 Pastore et ah, 2008 Pellicano et ah, 2007 Pope and Sheiner, 2009). 

The incidence of STDs, by their nature, closely follow changes in sexual behaviour and practices of the population as evidenced by the decline of many, but not all, STDs in the safe sex era induced by the AIDS pandemic. However, STDs continue to be a major health problem worldwide. Apart from acute morbidity they also are a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility among women of child-bearing age, and cause congenital infections among the newborn. 

All antipsychotics except clozapine and perhaps olanzapine produce hyperprolactinemia by removing the inhibitory actions of dopamine on prolactin secretion. This results in amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and infertility in women and in loss of libido and impotence in men. Inhibition of the release of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones may also play a role. In addition, weight gain is common, and food intake must be monitored. 

Human prolactin is similar in structure to human growth hormone, and both are good lactogens. In women, prolactin acts with other hormones on the mammary gland during pregnancy to develop lactation and after birth to maintain it. Hyperprolactinemia causes impotence in men and amenorrhea and infertility in women. Chronically elevated levels of circulating prolactin are associated with suppression of 17-p-estradiol and testosterone production in the ovaries and testes. 

The chief therapeutic uses of estrogens and progestins are as oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. Progestins and SERMs are also important agents in the treatment of osteoporosis, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and infertility. 

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