Centromeric proteins

Saxena A, Saffery R, Wong L, Kahtsis P, Choo KHA (2002a) Centromere proteins Cenpa, Cenpb, and Bub3 interact with Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 protein and are poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated. J Biol... 

Hofmann N, Hilscher B (1991) Use of aniline blue to assess chromatin condensation in morphologically normal spermatozoa in normal and infertile men. Hum Reprod 6 979-982 Howman EV, Fowler KJ, Newson AJ, Redward S, MacDonald AC, Kalitsis P, Choo KH (2000) Early disruption of centromeric chromatin organization in centromere protein A (Cenpa) null mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 1148-1153... 

Palmer DK, O Day K, Margolis RL (1989) Biochemical analysis of CENP-A, a centromeric protein with histone-like properties. Prog Clin Biol Res 318 61-72... 

Tomonaga T, Matsushita K, Yamaguchi S, Oohashi T, Shimada H, Ochiai T, Yoda K, Nomura F (2003) Overexpression and mistargeting of centromere protein-A in human primary colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 63 3511-3516... 

Yoda K, Ando S, Morishita S, Houmura K, Hashimoto K, Takeyasu K, Okazaki T (2000) Human centromere protein A (CENP-A) can replace histone H3 in nucleosome reconstitution in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 7266-7271... 

Centromere protein A (CENP-A), one of several variants of histone H3, is phosphorylated on Ser 7 by Aurora B kinase which is equivalent to Ser 10 of histone H3 (Zeitlin et al, 2001). Recent studies demonstrate that Aurora A kinase also phosphorylates CENP-A (S7) (Kunitoku et al, 2003) (Table 1). The presence of CENP-A in centromeric nucleosomes is required for kinetochore organization and function (Choo 2001). Loss of CENP-A phosphorylation function at Ser 7 caused a mislocalisation of Aurora B, a putative partner phosphatase (PPl-yl) and inner centromere protein (INCENP). H3.3, another variant of histone H3 is phosphorylated on Ser 31 in vivo (Table 1). H3.3 (S31) is a mitosis-specific modification that is present only in late prometaphase and metaphase. Furthermore, H3.3 (S31) is excluded from centromeres. However it is enriched in distinct chromosomal areas immediately adjacent to centromeres (Hake et al, 2005). 

Adams RR, Maiato H, Earnshaw WC, Carmena M (2001) Essential roles of Drosophila inner centromere protein (INCENP) and aurora B in histone H3 phosphorylation, metaphase chromosome ahgnment, kinetochore disjunction, chromosome segregation. J Cell Biol 153(4) 865-880 Ahn SH, Cheung WL, Hsu JY, Diaz RL, Smith MM, Alhs CD (2005a) Sterile 20 kinase phospho-rylates histone H2B at serine 10 during hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in S. cerevisiae. Cell 120(l) 25-36... 

Palmer, D.K., O Day, K., Wener, M.H., Andrews, B.S., and Margolis, R.L. (1987) A 17 kD centromere protein (CENP-A) copurifies with nucleosome core particles and with histones. J. Cell Biol. 104, 805-815. 

Howman, E.V., Fowler, K.J., Newson, A.J., Redward, S., MacDonald, A.C., Kalitsis, P., and Choo, K.H.A. (2000) Early disruption of centromeric chromatin orgarrization in centromere protein A (Cenpa) null mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 1148-1153. 

Crystal structures of Aurora-B have been reported by the European Institute of Oncology working in collaboration with the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation and University of Virginia Medical School [170]. The crystal structures of Aurora-B consists of one bound with the IN-box segment of the inner centromere protein (INCENP) activator and another cocrystallized with INCENP and the small molecule inhibitor Hesperadin (96) (Fig. 12). 

Discovery and Biochemical Studies ent-15-oxokaurenoic acid (EKA, 1) was identified as a chemical that causes prolonged mitotic arrest at a stage resembling prometaphase [1]. EKA inhibits the association of the mitotic motor protein centromeric protein E with kinetochores, and inhibits chromosome movement. Unlike most antimitotic agents, EKA does not inhibit the polymerization or depolymerization of tubuhn. 

Antinuclear antibodies (by IIF). If antinuclear antibodies by IIF are positive, specificity of the antinuclear antibodies should be determined. Antinuclear antibody specificities associated with the development of systemic autoimmune diseases are autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA, nucleosomes, histones, Ro/SS-A, La/SS-B, U1-RNP, Sm, DNA-Topoisomerase I (Scl-70), centromere protein, and Jo-1. 

In higher eukaryotes, a complex protein structure called the kinetochore assembles at centromeres and associates with multiple mitotic spindle fibers during mitosis. Homologs of most of the centromeric proteins found in the yeasts occur in humans and other higher eukaryotes and are thought to be components of kinetochores. The role of the centromere and proteins that bind to it in the segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis is described in Chapters 20 and 21. 

Mackay, A M., Eckley, D. M., Chue, C., Earnshaw, W. C. (1993). Molecular analysis of the INCENPs (inner centromere proteins) separate domains are required for association with microtubules during interphase and with the central spindle during anaphase. The Journal of Cell Biology, 123, 373-385. 

Wheatley, S. P., Henzing, A. J., Dodson, H., Khaled, W., Earnshaw, W. C. (2004). Aurora-B phosphorylation in vitro identifies a residue of survivin that is essential for its localization and binding to inner centromere protein (INCENP) in vivo. The Journal of Bivlogcal Chemistry, 279, 5655—5660. 

Anticentromere Centromeric proteins CENP-A, -B, and -C CREST (limited scleroderma)... 

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