And heroin

Marquis reagent (gives a purple-red coloration, then violet, then blue with morphine, codeine, dionine, and heroine) mix 3 mL of concentrated H2SO4 with 3 drops of a 35% formaldehyde solution. 

Morphine and heroin form fluorescent oxidation products on heating in the presence of ammonia [1]. 

Note The natural fluorescence colors of some flavonoids [7, 9] and anthracene derivatives [16] are altered by the ammonia treatment. This makes possible differentiation on the basis of color. Detection limits per chromatogram zone have been reported of 2 ng for morphine and heroin [2], 6 ng for ochratoxin A [5] and 1 pg for penicillic acid [13]. 

Morphine hRf 20 — 25), 6-monoacetylmorphine hRf 35 — 40) and heroin hRf 50 — 55) appeared as blue fluorescent zones on a dark background under long-... 

Fig. 1 Fluorescence scan of a mixture of alkaloids with ca. 50 ng substance per chromatogram zone morphine (1), 6-monoacetylmorphine (2) and heroin (3).

Detection and result The chromatogram was dried in a stream of warm air for 5 min, immersed in the dipping solution for 6 s and heated to 110°C for 20 min. After drying in a stream of cold air morphine hRf 25 — 30), 6-monoacetylmorphine hR( 40-45) and heroin hRf 50-55) yielded reddish chromatogram zones and codeine hRf 30—35) yielded blue chromatogram zones on a pale pink background. 

Methadone metabolites, methadone, cocaine (underivatized). morphine, and heroin... 

Morphine, when extracted from raw opium and treated chemically, yields the semisynthetic narcotics hydromorphone, oxymorphone, oxycodone, and heroin. Heroin is an illegal narcotic in the United States and is not used in medicine. Synthetic narcotics are those man-made analgesics with properties and actions similar to the natural opioids. Examples of synthetic narcotic analgesics are methadone, levorphanol, remifen-tanil, and meperidine Additional narcotics are listed in the Summary Drug Table Narcotic Analgesics. 

Tan EC, Tan CH, Karupathivan U, et al Mu opioid receptor gene polymorphisms and heroin dependence in Asian populations. Neuroreport 14 569—572, 2003... 

Toluene, volatile nitrites, and anesthetics, like other substances of abuse such as cocaine, nicotine, and heroin, are characterized by rapid absorption, rapid entry into the brain, high bioavailability, a short half-life, and a rapid rate of metabolism and clearance (Gerasimov et al. 2002 Pontieri et al. 1996, 1998). Because these pharmacokinetic parameters are associated with the ability of addictive substances to induce positive reinforcing effects, it appears that the pharmacokinetic features of inhalants contribute to their high abuse liability among susceptible individuals. 

Several CM studies have explored interactions between medication and psychosocial treatments for substance use disorders. In a 12-week randomized, double-blind study of buprenorphine-maintained opioid- and cocaine-dependent patients, Kosten et al. (2003a) found that desipramine and CM together led to greater abstinence from cocaine and heroin and more consecutive weeks of abstinence than either treatment individually or placebo. A later... 

Morphine (hR 25 — 30), codeine (hR 30—35), 6-monoacetyhnorphine hRf 40— 45) and heroin hRf 50—55) yielded blue chromatogram zones on a pale blue background. The detection limits were 10 to 20 ng substance per chromatogram zone. 

Griffiths, RR. Wurster, R.M. and Brady, J.V. Discrete-trial choiee proeedure Effects of naloxone and methadone on choice between food and heroin. Pharmacol Rev 27 357-365. 1975. 

More than 66 percent of PCP-related deaths reported to DAWN in 1983 involved at least one other drug. Table 5 shows a statistically significant relationship for alcohol combined with PCP and heroin combined with PCP (alcohol Xz=12.41, df=l, p <. 001 heroin X2 =29.13, df=l, p <. 001). 

The higher than expected frequency of alcohol PCP -, and heroin PCP-rel ated deaths may be the result of an interaction of the combined substances. Balster (this volume) anticipated an interaction of the combined substances when he reported "PCP very markedly enhances the effects of classical depressant drugs, including barbiturates and ethanol."... 

The higher than expected frequencies of alcohol PCP - and heroin PCP-related deaths also would have occurred if the combinations were preferred by the users. The motivation may involve the injection of heroin to moderate the adverse effects of PCP, or the use of PCP to ease the pain of heroin withdrawal. Another explanation assumes a stimulant effect of PCP. The use of stimulants, especially cocaine, with heroin is increasingly popular among heroin users (Kozel et al. 1982). 

The number of alcohol PCP - and heroin PCP-related deaths was higher than expected. Users may prefer taking these drugs in combination, or there may be an interaction in the effect of the combinations. Many of the PCP-related deaths are the consequence of some external event rather than a direct consequence of the drug itself. 

Zito, K.A., Vickers, G., and Roberts, D.C.S., Disruption of cocaine and heroin self-administration following kianic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav, 23, 1029, 1985. 

McLeman, E.R., Warsh, J.J., Ang, L. et al. The human nucleus accumbens is highly susceptible to G protein down-regulation by methamphetamine and heroin. J. Neurochem. 74 2120, 2000. 

Agonist drugs can also bind directly to the postsynaptic receptor, so mimicking the physiological effect of the neurotransmitter for example, morphine and heroin bind to the brain s opiate receptors and, thus, directly stimulate feelings of pleasure and pain... 

Omstein TJ, Iddon JL, Baldacchino AM, Sahakian BJ, London M, Everitt BJ and Robbins TW (2000). Profiles of cognitive dysfunction in chronic amphetamine and heroin abusers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 113-126. 

The consumption indicator is the metabolic byproduct excreted at the highest rate. It may be a metabolite, as it is the case for cocaine (BE) and heroin (MOR), or the drug itself, as it is the case of amphetamine-like compounds. THC, the most psychoactive cannabinoid of the cannabis herb, is highly metabolized before excretion, thus, the consumption indicator selected (THC-COOH) presents an excretion rate of 0.6%. Despite the fact that OH-THC presents a slightly higher excretion rate (2%), this analyte was not selected to back calculate cannabis use due... 

Considering that the consumption pattern observed in the area of the Ebro River basin studied, which covers about half of the population living in the basin, could be representative of the whole Spanish country, the estimated average consumption data were used to calculate the annual consumption of each drug in the whole basin and in the Spanish territory. According to the extrapolated figures, which are shown in Table 2, around 21 tons of cocaine, 8 tons of cannabis, 3 tons of amphetamine and ephedrine, 300 kg of ecstasy and heroin, and 7.5 kg of methamphetamine are annually consumed in Spain. These amounts would move in the black market for around 1,100 million Euros. 

According to the estimates performed, cocaine is the most consumed drug, followed by cannabis, amphetamine, heroin, MDMA, and methamphetamine. On the contrary, official national annual prevalence data points out cannabis as the most abused illicit drug, followed by cocaine, MDMA, amphetamines, and heroin. This suggests that the drug consumption pattern in the studied areas of the Ebro River... 

Mari F, Politi L, Biggeri A, Accetta G, Trignano C, Di Padua M, Bertol E (2009) Cocaine and heroin in waste water plants a 1-year study in the city of Florence, Italy. Forensic Sci Int 189 88-92... 

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