Morphine heroin and

Morphine and heroin form fluorescent oxidation products on heating in the presence of ammonia [1]. 

Note The natural fluorescence colors of some flavonoids [7, 9] and anthracene derivatives [16] are altered by the ammonia treatment. This makes possible differentiation on the basis of color. Detection limits per chromatogram zone have been reported of 2 ng for morphine and heroin [2], 6 ng for ochratoxin A [5] and 1 pg for penicillic acid [13]. 

Methadone metabolites, methadone, cocaine (underivatized). morphine, and heroin... 

Agonist drugs can also bind directly to the postsynaptic receptor, so mimicking the physiological effect of the neurotransmitter for example, morphine and heroin bind to the brain s opiate receptors and, thus, directly stimulate feelings of pleasure and pain... 

Opiates are drugs derived from opium, including morphine and heroin 914... 

Endorphins, dynorphins, and enkephalins are a particularly interesting group of neuropeptides. They act as endogenous opiates by producing analgetic, sedative, and euphoriant effects in extreme situations. Drugs such as morphine and heroin activate the receptors for these peptides (see p. 354). 

Opium has been used as a medicine for hundreds of years, inevitably creating countless addicts. Scientists have conducted a never-ending search for effective cures for opium addiction, morphine addiction (morphinism), and heroin addiction. For most of its history, opium addiction was treated as a disease with no cure, and doctors concerned themseives with treating the symptoms of addiction rather than the root cause. As a result, other opiates were used to lessen the effects of withdrawal. The addict is placed on a regimen of opiates that slowly decrease over time, weaning the addict from his or her addiction. This process of treatment is still used today. 

By the first decade of the 20th century, however, there was growing evidence that the untrammeled use of over-the-counter medicines was creating serious social consequences. Besides the dangers of ineffective or contaminated patent medicines, drugs such as opium, morphine, and heroin were very addictive. 

Opium Street Names Auntie Emma, big O. black stuff, block, gum, hop, ope, tar (brand generic called tincture of opium, laudanum, paregoric (CUT), B O suppositories [C1H]) Use Some medical uses (antidiarrheal, antitussive, antispas-modic) illegally used to produce morphine and heroin can be swallowed or smoked Actions Narcotic contains morphine Effects Pain relief, euphoria, drowsiness/N, constipation, confusion, sedation, resp depression and arrest, tolerance, addiction, unconsciousness, coma, death... 

Methadone is a synthetic opioid, clinically available in the U.S. since 1947.8 It exists in the dextro- and levo-rotatory forms with the levo-isoform possessing approximately 8 to 50 times more pharmacological activity.27 34 Methadone acts on the CNS and cardiovascular system producing respiratory and circulatory depression. Methadone also produces miosis and increases the tone of smooth muscle in the lower gastrointestinal tract while decreasing the amplitude of contractions. It is used clinically for the treatment of severe pain and in maintenance programs for morphine and heroin addicts.34... 

The effects of morphine, codeine, and heroin in the brain are dose-related. Small doses produce drowsiness, decreased anxiety and inhibition, reduced concentration, muscle relaxation, pain relief, depressed respiration, constricted pupils, nausea, and a decreased cough reflex, which is why codeine found its way into cough suppressants. At slightly higher doses, morphine and heroin can produce a state of intense elation or euphoria. 

The opium narcotics used in the U.S. are, particularly, morphine and heroin, especially the former but juveniles definitely prefer heroin. Heroin has greater addiction liability than other narcotics, produces more euphoria and stimulation, requires smaller doses, and is easier to traffic in illicitly. Codeine addiction is rare because the drug produces relatively little euphoria, and is thus less desirable to the potential addict, and because it is quite expensive and bulky in effective amounts. Codeine addicts are usually persons who originally received the drug for clinical purposes. Many narcotic addicts also use cocaine, usually in combination with heroin, and resort to whisky or barbiturate when their supply of narcotic is low. Every conceivable method and route are used to get the narcotic into the body. Morphine and heroin, however, are ordinarily taken hypodermically or intravenously cocaine and heroin are employed by snuffing. The use of galenical preparations of opium is rare in the U.S. Occasionally, however, a paregoric addict is discovered. 

Both raw and cooked opium contain alkaloids. These alkaloids can be extracted from the opium to produce opium derivatives for legal pharmaceuticals or for illegal consumption, such as morphine and heroin. The morphine alkaloid content, which ranges from 8% to 12%, determines the quality of the opium... 

Cocaine is another drug that was used in the effort to break addiction to opium, morphine, and heroin. At first, this stimulant found in the leaves of the coca plant was not thought to be addictive. 

We are trying in every way to support the creation of opium poppy plants. From the standpoint of the revolution, opium is one of the means of helping the revolutionary cause and must be used actively. If the question is approached from a class standpoint, opium is one of the most powerful sorts of weapons of the proletarian revolution.. .. ft is extremely important for us to export morphine and heroin in big quantities, use them to weaken the combat strength of the enemy and destroy the enemy without entering into war with him."... 

Binding of naloxone does not activate receptor and, therefore, naloxone reverses the effects of opioid agonists, such as morphine and heroin. 

Wernly et al. (1993) reported also an attempt to use MEKC, without hydrolysis, to determine morphine-3-glucuronide, the major metabolite of morphine (and heroin) in urine. The sensitivity limit (about 1 /ug/mL after solid-phase extraction and concentration) was unsatisfactory for confirmation of the results of the usual enzyme immunoassays, but improvements were deemed to be achievable. 

For example, pharmacologists learned that morphine and heroin attach to special opiate receptors on nerve cells in certain parts of the brain. But why should our brains have receptors designed to fit molecules made by poppy plants Some researchers... 

K H B B I opium, morphine, and heroin—triggered efforts to control their use... 

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