Analysis of biological materials

In contrast to this, for direct analysis of solid samples, accurate results were obtained only with HR-CS AAS, whereas too high or too low values were obtained for several samples with LS AAS, obviously due to the much higher structured background absorption. The LOD of 5 ng/g obtained with HR-CS AAS was also about a factor of four better than that obtained with LS AAS. 

---

Comprehensive accounts of the various gravimetric, polarographic, spectrophotometric, and neutron activation analytical methods have been pubHshed (1,2,5,17,19,65—67). Sampling and analysis of biological materials and organic compounds is treated in References 60 and 68. Many analytical methods depend on the conversion of selenium in the sample to selenous acid, H2Se02, and reduction to elemental selenium when a gravimetric deterrnination is desired. 

Chromatography is a technique for separating and quantifying the constituents of a mixture. Separation techniques are essential for the characterization of the mixtures that result from most chemical processes. Chromatographic analysis is used in many areas of science and engineering in environmental studies, in the analysis of art objects, in industrial quahty control (qv), in analysis of biological materials, and in forensics (see Biopolymers, analytical TECHNIQUES FiNE ART EXAMINATION AND CONSERVATION FoRENSic CHEMISTRY). Most chemical laboratories employ one or more chromatographs for routine analysis (1). 

Ihnat M (1988c) Biological reference materials for quality control. In McKenzie HA, Smythe LE, eds. Quantitative Trace Analysis of Biological Materials, pp 331-351. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. 

Maechandise H (1987) Accuracy in analysis of biological materials. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 326 613-617. 

Morrison GH (1979) Elemental trace analysis of biological materials. CRC Critical Rev Anal Chem 10 287-320. 

Durrant, S. F. and Ward, N. I. (1994). Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for the multielemental analysis of biological materials a feasibility study. Food Chemistry 49 317-323. 

Both microwave closed-vessel dissolution and laboratory robotics are relatively new to the analytical laboratory. However, it is this marriage of new methods which provides useful combinations of flexible laboratory automation to meet a variety of individualized needs. Because of the large number of biological samples which are prepared for analysis each day, it is reasonable to assume that this type of innovative automation wiU be of great benefit. It should be evaluated for its ability to improve the preparation technology for trace element analysis of biological materials. 

H. Matusiewicz, R.E. Sturgeon, S.S. Berman, Trace element analysis of biological material following pressure digestion with nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide and micro-wave heating, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 4 (1989) 323-327. 

The concentration levels of most trace metals and metalloids lie below 1000 pg P . Therefore, the classical methods of analysis do not have the required sensitivity. Among the instrumental techniques that have been extensively used for the analysis of biological materials include, atomic absorption spectrometry, plasma emission spectrometry, anodic stripping voltammetry and neutron activation analysis. 

Recently, Heydom has dealt extensively with the various aspects of the application of NAA to the analysis of biological materials. The usefulness of neutron activation analysis for the determination of protein-boxmd elements in human serum has been demonstrated by Woittiez... 

Methods for Parent Compound and Metabolites in Biological Materials. No information is available concerning the analysis of isophorone in biological materials. If information were available, it would allow both investigators and reviewers to assess the accuracy and uncertainty of the methods used. Furthermore, the ready availability of tested analytical methods would permit a standardized approach to the analysis of biological materials and allow a comparison of the levels of exposure with the possible health effects in humans. 

A. Moreda-Pineiro, P. Bermejo-Barrera and A. Bermejo-Barrera, Chemometric investigation of systematic error in the analysis of biological materials by flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 560(1-2), 2006, 143-152. 

Near-IR sensors are also a topic of increased interest for the analysis of biological materials, from food quality control to bioactivity measurements. First applications... 

The coincidence technique has also been applied to the activation analysis of biological materials 79 82) and forensic materials 83>. 

S3> Meloni, S., A. Brandone, and V. Maxia Chromium Separation by Inorganic Exchangers in Activation Analysis of Biological Materials. The 1968 International Conference Modern Trends in Activation Analysis, Gaithersburg, Maryland, October 7—11, 1968, Paper 52. 

Nadkarni, R. A., D. E. Flieder, and W. D. Ehmann Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Biological Materials. Radiochim. Acta, 11, 97 (1969). 

There is interest in multielement analysis using GFAAS, one approach uses a continuum source (CSAAS). The application of CSAAS to the analysis of biological materials has been discussed by Miller-Ihli (1990b). 

In electrophoresis, an electrical field causes the differential transport of charged species. Many experimental variants exist, giving the method particular versatility in the analysis of biological materials [2-6]. 

A. Krushevska, A. Lasztity, M. Kotrebai, R. M. Barnes, Addition of tertiary amines in the semiquantitative, multi-element inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric analysis of biological materials, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 11 (1996), 343D352. 

L. Ebdon, A. S. Fisher, P. J. Worsfold, H. Crews, M. Baxter, On-line removal of interferences in the analysis of biological materials by Bow injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, J. Anal. Atom. Chem., 8 (1993), 691D695. 

J. M. Marchante-Gayon, C. Sariego Muniz, J. I. Garcia Alonso, A. Sanz-Medel, Multi-elemental trace analysis of biological materials using double focusing inductively coupled plasma mass detection, Anal. Chim. Acta, 400 (1999), 307-320. 

J. M. Marchante-Gayon, Double-focusing ICP-MS for the analysis of biological materials, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 379 (2004), 335-337. 

Microbiological evidence. The data must be gathered while the corrosion site is still wet. It is important to photograph the initial appearance of the corrosion site soon, while the organisms are still alive. Analysis of biological materials and corrosion products must be done. 

According to Stoeppler et al. [15], severe errors up to a factor of two may result from ETA—AAS analysis of biological materials without some form of sample pretreatment. The approaches that will be discussed here are (a) the use of diluent solutions to minimise matrix and molecular absorption interferences (b) partial decomposition techniques in which metals are extracted from proteins with acids (c) dissolution of tissue samples without complete oxidation (d) complete oxidation procedures such as dry ashing, wet digestion at ambient and elevated pressures, and low temperature ashing with reactive gases at low pressures. 

J. T. H. Roos, A Simple Vapour-Phase Dissolution Technique for Biological Materials, a paper presented at the Symposium on the Analysis of Biological Material, Spectroscopy Society of South Africa, October 1977, Pretoria, South Africa. 

Evan C. Horning, Secretary of the Board of Organic Syntheses (1940-1949) and EdItor-in-Chief of Collective Volume III (1995), died on May 14, 1993. After a number of years as an organic chemist, his interests changed to analytical biochemistry where he and his wife, Marjorie, made outstanding contributions to the fields of gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and gas and liquid-mass spectrometric analysis of biological materials. 

Willis, J. B., Analysis of Biological Materials by Atomic Absorption... 

Sansoni, B., Panday, V.K. Ashing in trace element analysis of biological material. In Fachetti, S. (ed.) Analytical Techniques for Heavy Metals in Biological Fluids, pp. 91-131. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1983)... 

---