Ibuprofen analysis

Electropherograms of a urine sample (8 ml) spiked with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (10 p-g/ml each) after direct CE analysis (b) and at-line SPE-CE (c). Peak identification is as follows I, ibuprofen N, naproxen K, ketoprofen P, flurbiprofen. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, 6 719, J. R. Veraait et al., At-line solid-phase exti action for capillary electrophoresis application to negatively charged solutes, pp. 199-208, copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier Science. 

Analysis of ibuprofen, the active ingredient in several over-the-counter pain relievers, shows that it contains 75.7% carbon, 8.8% hydrogen, and 15.5% oxygen. The mass spectrum of ibuprofen shows that its molar mass is less than 210 g/mol. Determine the chemical formula of this compound. 

Recently, with the development of more advanced and sensitive analytical methods, studies on the fate of pharmaceuticals in WWTP have taken into account the analysis of pharmaceuticals sorbed into sludge (Table 4, and references therein). The antiseptics triclocarban and triclosan and the antibiotic ofloxacin have been reported in sludge at concentrations up to 441, 133, and 58 mg kgdw-1, respectively. Compounds such as the anti-inflammatory ibuprofen, the antiepileptic carbamazepine and the antidepressant fluoxetine have also frequently been reported though at lower levels (11,6 and 3 mg kgdw 1, respectively), whereas the (3-blockers were found at low... 

A more detailed analysis using multivariable regression of the ibuprofen data demonstrated that a three-parameter model accurately fit the data (Table 7). The Bonding Index and the Heywood shape factor, a, alone explained 86% of the variation, while the best three-variable model, described in what follows, explained 97% of the variation and included the Bonding Index, the Heywood shape factor, and the powder bed density. All three parameters were statistically significant, as seen in Table 7. Furthermore, the coefficients are qualitatively as... 

Table 7 Ibuprofen Bulk Drug Regression Analysis for the Dependent Variable Shear Index, n...

An assay is an analysis in which a named material is analyzed for that named material. For example, the assay of a tablet of ibuprofen is an analysis of the tablet for ibuprofen content. An analysis is not an assay when the analyte is some material other than the named material. An analysis of a calcium supplement for a color additive is not an assay. 

E. Samara, D. Avnir, D. Ladkani, M. Bialer, Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Diethyl-carbonate Prodrugs of Ibuprofen and Naproxen , Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 1995, 16, 201-210. 

Analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, flurbiproen, and suprofen) Impurity profiling of ketorolac, a chiral nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug Impurity profiling of a non-steroidal analgesic drug... 

Despite the resolving power of TLC-MS-MS, few applications in drug residue analysis have been reported. One application concerns the HPTLC-MS-MS analysis of a number of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including salicylic acid and its glycine conjugate salicylhippuric acid, diclofenac, indomethacin, naproxen, phenacetin, and ibuprofen (67). Another application describes the detection and identification of some of these compounds or their metabolites in urine by TLC-MS-MS (67). 

Figure 1.18. Comparison of MRM chromatograms following HPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/ MS analysis of a mixture containing alprazolam, ibuprofen, d5-alprazolam, diphenhydramine, naproxen, and prednisolone. Each set of chromatograms was obtained from a single 100-ng/ mL injection of rat plasma. d5-Alprazolam was used as the internal standard for quantification of alprazolam. (Reprinted with pemnission from Yu et al., 2006.)...

All NSAIDs, including aspirin, are about equally efficacious with a few exceptions—tolmetin seems not to be effective for gout, and aspirin is less effective than other NSAIDs (eg, indomethacin) for ankylosing spondylitis. Thus, NSAIDs tend to be differentiated on the basis of toxicity and cost-effectiveness. For example, the gastrointestinal and renal side effects of ketorolac limit its use. Fries et al (1993), using a toxicity index, estimated that indomethacin, tolmetin, and meclofenamate were associated with the greatest toxicity, while salsalate, aspirin, and ibuprofen were least toxic. The selective COX-2 inhibitors were not included in this analysis. 

Pumera and coworkers [17] exploited (3-cylodextrin as chiral selector for the enantiomeric resolution of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and ibuprofen in NCEC. Male and Luong [23] described chiral analysis of three neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and isoproterenol) by NCE using 25 mM... 

D. Nicoll Griffith, M. Scartozzi, and N. Chiem, Automated deri-vatization and HPLC analysis of ibuprofen enantiomers, J. Chromatogr., /4655 253 (1993). 

The mobile phase was 0.05 M pH 4 phosphate buffer / acetonitrile (55 45, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min. Detection was carried out at 220 nm with a UV detector. The retention times were 12.5 and 16.9 minutes for etodolac and ibuprofen, respectively. The method was linear over a concentration range of 0.125 to 10.0 pg/mL. The recovery of etodolac was 93.9 % ( 5.3 %). Detailed methods for the analysis of metabolites of etodolac were also provided. 

An HPLC method for the analysis of etodolac and its metabolites in equine serum and urine was developed [32]. Serum (1 mL) or urine (0.5 mL) samples were extracted with iso-octane/isopropanol (95 5, v/v) after addition of ibuprofen as internal standard, diluting with 1 or 2 mL of distilled water, and adjusting the pH to 1 with 1 M HC1. The organic layer was evaporated under a stream of nitrogen, the residue dissolved in 100 pL of mobile phase, and a 20 pL aliquot injected on to the HPLC system. The HPLC system consisted of a pre-column, a 250 x 4 mm (7 pm particles) LiChrosorb RP-18 column at 25°C, isocratic elution with 1% acetic acid/acetonitrile (50 50, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min, and UV detector at 227 nm. The retention time of etodolac was 8.5 minutes. The method was linear over the range of 0.1-20 pg/mL in serum, and in 0.5-800 pg/mL range in urine. The limits of quantitation were 40 ng/mL in... 

A reversed-phase HPLC post-column ion-pair extraction system was developed by Kim and Stewart [71, 72] for the analysis of carboxylic acid drugs and their salts (sodium formate, sodium acetate, 3-bromopropionic acid, 6-aminocaproic acid, 11-bromoundecanoic acid, 1-heptanesulfonic acid, / -n i t rophcny 1 acetic acid, sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate, valproic acid, probenecid, naproxen, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, and cefuroxime sodium) using a-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-4,-trimethylammoniummethylcinnamonitrile methosulfate... 

MEKC-MS method in the analysis of ibuprofen and codeine phosphate [78]... 

Magiera, S., Giilmez, S. Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of ibuprofen and its metabolites in human urine. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 92, 193-202 (2014)... 

Perrott DA, Piira T, Goodenough B, et al. Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for treating children s pain or fever a meta-analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004 158 521-526. 

Two chapters of collections were published in the early 1990s wherein solid dosage from analysis was discussed. Based on a presentation at the Fourth International Conference on NIRS, Stark used a newly developed diode-array spectrometer scanning between 520 and 1800nm to analyze specimens. Samples were placed on glass slides and the light collected at a fixed angle. Intact acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and antacid tablets were collected. 

The CLASS consisted of two separate studies, in which celecoxib was compared with ibuprofen and diclofenac the results obtained from the two traditional NSAIDs were pooled for analysis. Overall, 3987 patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis took celecoxib (400 mg bd), 1985 patients took ibuprofen (800 mg tds), and 1996 took diclofenac (75 mg bd). The study lasted 13 months, but only the data from 6 months of follow-up were published initially. 

An analysis of all reports of blood disorders attributed to NSAIDs that were submitted to the Finnish National Board of Health during 1973-85 showed that metamizole was suspected of causing 14 cases of agranulocytosis (three fatal), other pyrazolones four cases, indometacin two cases, and ibuprofen one case (7). 

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