Anaerobic muscle

Chen, W., Huang, X., Komuniecki, P.R. and Komuniecki, R. (1998) Molecular cloning, functional expression, and characterization of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase from anaerobic muscle of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 353, 181-189. 

Song, H. and Komuniecki, R. (1994) Novel regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase purified from anaerobic muscle mitochondria of the adult parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 31573-31578. 

Figure 13.18 Electron micrographs of different muscles from different animab ( aerobic and anaerobic muscles).

Fletcher and Hopkins showed that lactic acid is formed quantitatively from glucose during anaerobic muscle contraction. 

Oral creatine supplements first gained popularity among athletes in the early 1990s following the publication of a Karolinska Institute study that found that subjects who took creatine supplements experienced a significant increase in total muscle creatine content. In theory, increased creatine stores would increase PCr stored in the muscles, which would in turn provide a larger power supply for anaerobic muscle activity and exercise (short bursts of exercise which don t require oxygen). 

I-Lactic acid (= 2-Hydroxypropionic acid) (carboxylic acid) accumulation in anaerobic muscle shown by Sir Frederick Musa spp. (banana) (Musaceae), Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae), Malus domestica (apple), Pyrus communis (pear) (Rosaceae), Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) [fruit] Digitalis purpurea (Scrophulariaceae) Sour (acid) taste... 

It has been proposed that the molecular basis for the evolution of H and M isozymes is that the M form is less susceptible to inhibition by pyruvate (36). This has been questioned since pyruvate levels in anaerobic muscle at 37° do not approach those required for inhibition (Table XXIII). Lactate levels do increase dramatically, and resistance to lactate inhibition has been suggested as an alternative explanation (267). 

FIGURE 5 Fates of pyruvate. In yeasts under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is decarboxylated and reduced by the NADH formed by glycolysis to ethanol. In anaerobic muscle, the NADH generated by glycolysis reduces pyruvate to lactic acid. When O2 is present, pyruvate is completely oxidized to CO2 and water. 

The rate of conversion of coenzyme II to I to some extent followed the degree of fermentation in the apozymase system both processes required hexose diphosphate and were less rapid aerobically than anaerobically. Muscle adenylic acid retarded the conversion. Its rate in the presence of glucose, hexose diphosphate, and phosphate at pH 6.4 (30°C.) calculated from the data of von Euler and Adler (22) is approximately 0.4 m/tM per mg. apozjrmase per hour. 

Antidiabetic Drugs other than Insulin. Figure 3 The antihyperglycaemic effect of metformin involves enhanced insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production and muscle glucose uptake. Metformin also exerts non-insulin-dependent effects on these tissues, including reduced fatty acid oxidation and increased anaerobic glucose metabolism by the intestine. FA, fatty acid f, increase i decrease. 

Tetanus is a disease caused by the release of neurotoxins from the anaerobic, spore-forming rod Clostridium tetani. The clostridial protein, tetanus toxin, possesses a protease activity which selectively degrades the pre-synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin, resulting in a block of glycine and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from presynaptic terminals. Consistent with the loss of neurogenic motor inhibition, symptoms of tetanus include muscular rigidity and hyperreflexia. The clinical course is characterized by increased muscle tone and spasms, which first affect the masseter muscle and the muscles of the throat, neck and shoulders. Death occurs by respiratory failure or heart failure. 

Spriet, L.L., Soderlund, K., Bergstrom, M., Hultman, E. (1987a). Anaerobic energy release in skeletal muscle during electrical stimulation in men. J. Appl. Physiol. 62, 611-615. 

Fermentation occurs naturally in various microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, fungi and in mammalian muscle. Yeasts were discovered to have connection with fermentation as observed by Louis Pasteur and originally defined as respiration without air. However, it does not have to always occur in anaerobic condition. For example, starch when fermented under... 

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