Amphetamines Methamphetamines

Martin WR, Sloan JW, Sapira JD, et al Physiologic, subjective, and behavioral effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, phenmetrazine, and methylphenidate in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 12 245-258, 1971 McCormick TC Jr, McNeil TW Acute psychosis and Ritalin abuse. Tex State J Med... 

The behavioral effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA, p-chloroamphetamine, and fenfluramine are not identical. Except for the last drug, all can cause some degree of behavioral stimulation, but exact behavioral effects differ markedly. More complete definition of their behavioral differences is a prerequisite to a better understanding of the mechanism(s) of these drugs. 

Rats that have lost dopamine and/or serotonin terminals following treatment with amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA, / -chloroamphetamine, or fenfluramine show little in the way of overt ehanges in appearanee or behavior. Dr. Rieaurte (this volume) emphasized the need for more studies in primates, since MPTP-treated miee also show little in the way of observable functional changes, whereas MPTP-treated monkeys show marked neurologie deficits. It may be neeessary to do more detailed analysis of speeifie behaviors and other funetional outputs that are influeneed by dopamine and/or serotonin neurons, to detect functional deficits induced by some neurotoxic drugs. For instance, specific behaviors sueh as appetite-eontrolled behavior (Leibowitz and Shor-Posner 1986), murieidal behavior (Katz 1980), and sexual behavior (Tucker and File 1983) elieited by drugs... 

Many stimulants, such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, and caffeine contain nitrogen atoms, which makes NPD analysis fairly straightforward (eg. Koide et al., 1998 Bach et al., 1999). Enantiomeric separation can be of particular importance for these drugs. A review by Liu and Liu (2002) provides extensive examples of methods for the determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine enantiomers and includes examples... 

Yonamine M, TawU N, Moreau RL, Silva OA. 2003. Solid-phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and headspace-gas chromatography of tetrahydrocannabinol, amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine and ethanol in saliva samples. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 789 73. 

When using PFT with a neutral selector, it is quite difficult to avoid any entrance of the chiral selector into the ionization source, particularly at a high pH, where EOF is important. The use of BGE at low pH and/or coated capillary to minimize EOF is therefore mandatory. However, the coaxial sheath gas, which generally assists the ionization process, leads to an aspirating phenomenon of the chiral selector in the MS direction. Javerfalk et al. were the first to apply PFT with a neutral methyl-/i-CD for the separation of racemic bupivacaine and ropivacaine with a polyacrylamide-coated capillary and an acidic pH buffer (pH 3). Cherkaoui et al. employed another neutral CD (HP-/1-CD) with a PVA-coated capillary for the analysis of amphetamines and their derivatives. To prevent a detrimental aspiration effect, analyses were carried out without nebulization pressure. Numerous other studies presented excellent results such as the enantioselective separation of adrenoreceptor antagonist drugs using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) the separation of clenbuterol enantiomers after solid-phase extraction (SPE) of plasma samples or the use of CD dual system for the simultaneous chiral determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, dimethamphetamine, and p-hydroxymethamphetamine in urine. 

Heroin and amphetamine-like compounds (amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA or ecstasy, (R,R)(—)-pseudoephedrine (PS-EPH), and (lS,2R)(+)-ephed-rine hydrochloride (EPH-HCl), the last two measured together as total ephedrine) have so far only been detected in airborne particulates in Spain (Tables 5, 6 and 7). Mean heroin concentrations ranged between 10 and 50 pg/m (Table 5), with maximum daily levels reaching 80-90 pg/m. The maximum concentrations were detected in Madrid and A Coruna, and seemed to be independent of population size. As for amphetamine-like compounds, airborne levels were always below 15 pg/m ... 

Phenyl-2-propanone Used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries for the manufacture of amphetamine, methamphetamine and some derivatives used for the synthesis of propylhexedrine. 

By far the most important synthetic analog of amphetamine currently in illicit use is 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). The formulas below show the close structural relationship of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA. 

Doxapram Nikethamide Pentylenetetrazol Strychnine Picrotoxin Bicuculline Amphetamine Methamphetamine Methylphenidate Pemoline Ephedrine Phentermine Fenfluramine Phenylpropanolamine Caffeine Theophylline Theobromine... 

Older drugs still available in some countries include phenylpropanolamine, benzphetamine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, phentermine, diethylpropion, mazindol, and phendimetrazine. These drugs are all amphetamine mimics and are central nervous system appetite suppressants they are generally helpful only during the first few weeks of therapy. Their toxicity is significant and includes hypertension (with a risk of cerebral hemorrhage) and addiction liability. 

Stimulants. Nonmedical use of stimulants is broken up by the type of stimulant used amphetamines, methamphetamine, or Ritalin. For all three stimulants surveyed, rates have decreased significantly among 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders in 2001-2008. 

Global demand for amphetamines (methamphetamine and amphetamine), which increased strongly in most parts of the world in the 1990s, is now showing signs of overall stabilisation. At close to 25 million people, the global amphetamines consumer market is larger than... 

Changes in the use of "amphetamines" (methamphetamine, amphetamine and related substances), 2005 (or latest year available)... 

Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), including amphetamines, methamphetamine and ecstasy, remain the second most widely consumed group of substances. Over the 2005/6 period 25 million people are estimated to have used amphetamines (including methamphetamine) at least once in the previous 12 months, about the same as a year earlier. An estimated 9 million people used ecstasy over the 2005/6 period, down from 10 million in 2004/5. Declines in ecstasy use occurred primarily in North America. 

Although amphetamine, methamphetamine and ecstasy are likely to continue to find new consumers it is likely that, overall, the market will remain stable. Ecstasy use could continue declining in established, developed world markets, and increasing in markets in developing countries. 

Based on Amphetamines (methamphetamine, amphetamine) Ecstasy Total ... 

Amphetamine/methamphetamine precursor (P2P seized in USA) ] Amphetamine precursors (P2P, phenylacetic acid, norephedrine) I Methamphetamine precursors (pseudo-ephedrine, ephedrine) Trend... 

Note Seizures reported in kilograms, litres and units, where a unit (pill) of ecstasy was assumed to contain on average 100 mg of MDMA a unit of amphetamine/ methamphetamine was assumed to contain 30 mg of amphetamine/methamphetamine a litre was assumed to equal a kilogram. Until 1999 other hallucinogens are included in data for ecstasy, but the proportion of ecstasy in the total seems to have exceeded 90 per cent in most years (2000-2005 90 per cent-95 per cent)... 

The approach taken to come up with ATS production estimates is one of triangulation, estimating production based on reported seizures of the end products in combination with some assumptions of law enforcement effectiveness, seizure data of precursor chemicals and estimates based on the number of consumers and their likely levels of per capita consumption. The average of these three estimates is then used to arrive at UNODCs global estimates for amphetamine, methamphetamine and ecstasy production. The estimation procedure remained largely unchanged from the one used since the... 

Lebish, P., Finkle, B.S., and Brackett, J.W., Jr., Determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and related amines in blood and urine by gas chromatography by hydrogen-flame ionization detector, Clin. Chem., 16, 195-200, 1970. 

FIGURE 13—6. Icon of amphetamine/methamphetamine. Amphetamine (principally -amphetamine) and related derivatives such as methamphetamine are also releasers of dopamine, with a mechanism similar to that described for cocaine. 

McCooeye, M. A., Mester, Z., Ells, B., Barnett, D. A., Purves, R. W., and Guevremont, R. (2002). Quantitation of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and their methylenedioxy derivatives in urine by solid-phase microextraction coupled with electrospray ionization-high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 74 3071-3075. 

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