Behavioral stimulants

The behavioral effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA, p-chloroamphetamine, and fenfluramine are not identical. Except for the last drug, all can cause some degree of behavioral stimulation, but exact behavioral effects differ markedly. More complete definition of their behavioral differences is a prerequisite to a better understanding of the mechanism(s) of these drugs. 

Freed, W.J. Weinberger, D.R. Bing, L.A. and Wyatt, R.J. Neuro-pharmacological studies of phencyclidine (PCP)-induced behavioral stimulation in mice. Psvchopharmacology (Berlin) 71 291-297, 1980. 

Intense pattern of behavioral stimulation, including increased locomotor activity, especially circling, and convulsions abnormal brain wave patterns (De Gori et al. 1988)... 

Dopamine plays a significant role in activating the brains reward center, which is located in the hypothalamus, an area at the lower middle of the brain, as illustrated in Figure 14.22. The hypothalamus is the main control center for emotional response and behavior. Stimulation of the reward center by dopamine... 

Simpson LL. The effects of behavioral stimulant doses of amphetamine on blood pressure. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976 33 691-695. 

A single case report (Byerly et al., 1995) indicated that risperidone can produce severe akathisia, described as behavioral stimulation with anxiety and agitation. In a study of clozapine, 2 of 29 patients developed akathisia, one mild and the other moderate in intensity (Chengappa et al., 1994). 

Byerly, M. J., Greer, R. A., Evans, D. L. (1995). Behavioral stimulation associated with risperidone initiation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1096-1097. 

Interactions between soluble polymer and colloidal particles control the behavior of a large number of chemical products and processes and, hence, their technological viability. These dispersions have also attracted considerable scientific interest because of their complex thermodynamic and dynamical behavior—stimulated by the synthesis of novel polymers, improved optical and scattering techniques for characterization, and a predictive capability emerging from sophisticated statistical mechanical theories. Thus, the area is active both industrially and academically as evidenced by the patent literature and the frequency of technical conferences. 

The two cyclic voltammograms in the upper left of the figure show that dopamine was released both by behavioral stimulation (black irace) and cocaine administration (blue trace). The blue trace in the center shows the conccniration of dopamine as a function of time calculated from the peak currents of the vollam-mograms. The trace was extracted from 200 discrete cyclic voltammograms acquired over the 20-sccond pe-ri(xl shown. The peak at position I shows that there... 

When amphetamines are taken to suppress appetite, they often produce a psychosis indistinguishable from schizophrenia. D-Amphetamine (dextroamphetamine) and L-amphetamine, or a racemic mixture of the two isomers, binds to the DA and other monoamine transporters that increase synaptic levels of the DA, NE (noradrenaline), and 5-HT. o-Amphetamine acts primarily on the dopaminergic systems, whereas L-amphetamine acts on the norepinephrinergic neurons. The reinforcing and behavioral-stimulation effects of amphetamine are possibly the result of the enhanced dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic system. 

The initial intuition that steric properties of NHCs could be modulated and could impact catalytic behavior stimulated the development of steric descriptors to quantify the steric requirement of different NHCs and, possibly, to compare them with tertiary phosphines. For obvious reasons, the Tolman cone angle [23] and related descriptors [24-36], largely used to measure the steric property of phosphines, could not be used for NHCs since they are not cone shaped. After some initial attempts such as the fence model [37], work in the field mostly converged on the percent buried volume, %14mr> 21s a standard and intuitive descriptor (in line with the main philosophy used by Tolman to develop the cone angle) able to describe reasonably well the steric bulkiness of NHCs [9,22,38-40]. 

Physical space has a direct impact on the behavior, stimulating or inhibiting it (Elali 2003). According to Davies et al. (2013), physical space must be used in a flexible way so as to stimulate the creativity of children. For that purpose the ambient must be spacious, with the least amount of furniture and also considering aspects such as lights, sound and temperature and how these features influence the perception of individuals (Elali 2003 Davies et al. 2013). 

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