Functional detection

These observations were taken further by examining whether y-interferon treatment could up-regulate NADPH oxidase function in CGD neutrophils and monocytes. It was found that 12 out of 13 patients with autosomal recessive CGD had increased oxidase activity upon y-interferon exposure the only patient not responding was the one devoid of the b cytochrome. In X-linked CGD, 9 of 13 showed no improvement, whereas 3 showed some improvement and 1 had oxidase activity increased to near-normal levels. Patients with atypical X-linked CGD (i.e. low oxidase activity and some cytochrome b) appear to respond best to y-interferon treatment. Interferons-a and -ft are without affect. This enhancement of oxidase function (detected by NBT slide tests and O2 production) is due, at least in part, to increased levels of mRNA for the heavy chain of cytochrome b. In the absence of y-interferon treatment, monocyte-derived macrophages have extremely low or undetectable levels of mRNA for the cytochrome b heavy chain however, this is increased about fivefold (to about 5% of normal) after y-interferon treatment. 

Aurbach and co-workers performed a series of ex situ as well as in situ spectroscopic analyses on the surface of the working electrode upon which the cyclic voltammetry of electrolytes was carried out. On the basis of the functionalities detected in FT-IR, X-ray microanalysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies, they were able to investigate the mechanisms involved in the reduction process of carbonate solvents and proposed that, upon reduction, these solvents mainly form lithium alkyl carbonates (RCOsLi), which are sensitive to various contaminants in the electrolyte system. For example, the presence of CO2 or trace moisture would cause the formation of Li2COs. This peculiar reduction product has been observed on all occasions when cyclic carbonates are present, and it seems to be independent of the nature of the working electrodes. A single electron mechanism has been shown for PC reduction in Scheme 1, while those of EC and linear carbonates are shown in Scheme 7. ... 

If there is no positive entry in the q-th column, then none of the previous basic variables will decrease and we can increase the variable Xj indefinitely, yielding ever increasing values of the objective function. Detecting this situation in step (ii), there is no reason to continue the procedure. 

Fig. 5 Venn-diagram for selected compounds interacting with the key MDR-related ABC transporters. Fluorescent Compounds for the functional detection of multi drug resistance. Abbreviations CA-AM calcein AM, FL-3-AM fluo-3AM, Pot. Dyes potentiomeric dyes, RFI123 rhodaminel23, HST fioechst dye No. 33342, GS-N-PM N-Pyrenemaleimide glutathione conjugate, BOD-VER BODIPY verapamil, BOD-PRAS BODIPY prazosin, MX mitoxantrone, LYS LysoTracker dye. (Reproduced from [4])...

Bioassays commonly provide the initial means of detecting neuropeptide activity. The factor(s) responsible for this activity are assigned names reflecting the functions detected with the bioassay (e.g., adipoianetic hormone, AKH diuretic hormone, DH eclosion hormone, EH pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, PBAN prothoracicotropic hormone, PTTH and so forth). As more of these factors are discovered and characterized, not only are biologic ... 

Liver damage is the most common adverse effect of pyrazinamide (6). It varies from asymptomatic alteration of hver function detectable only by laboratory tests, through a mild syndrome characterized by fever, anorexia, malaise, hver tenderness, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly, to more serious reactions with clinical jaundice, and finally the rare form with progressive acute yellow atrophy and death. As most patients take a combined regimen of pjrazinamide with isoniazid and rifampicin, it is difficult to determine which of the three drugs causes the hepatotoxicity it could be due to a combined effect (7). As with isoniazid and rifampicin, hepatic function should initially be monitored every few weeks. 

A frequent error encountered in evaluating the performance of an analytical system is to confuse the concepts of sensitivity and detectability. Although both concepts address facets of a system s response, they are not identical, but rather complementary. Sensitivity relates to the ability of the system to respond to changes in analyte concentration and is most typically reflected as the slope of the method s response function. Detectability, as has been noted previously, is the ability of the method to distinguish between two responses (those responses that arise in the presence and absence of the analyte in the sample matrix of interest). It is possible to have a very sensitive method that has a relatively poor detection limit, especially if the method is very unselective or prone to high blanks. However, an insensitive method is very unlikely to exhibit a low LOD. Thus sensitivity is a necessary— but not sufficient—condition for the achievement of a low LOD. 

Feller, N., Kuiper, C. M., Lankelma, J., Ruhdal, J. K., Scheper, R. J., Pinedo, H. M., and Broxterman, H. J. (1995) Functional detection of MDRI/P170 and MRP/ P190-mediated multidrug resistance in tumour cells by flow cytometry. Br. J. Cancer 72, 543-549. 

To distinguish immunometric TSH assays from less sensitive RIAs, descriptive terms such as "sensitive, highly sensitive, ultrasensitive, and supersensitive have been used, generating much confusion as to the exact meaning of these terms. In 1991, a Nomenclature Committee of the American Thyroid Association recommended that the functional detection limit of serum TSH assays be determined on the basis of low-end interassay precision characteristics. Further, the committee recommended that precision at the lower reporting limit should optimally be 10% to 15% and preferably <20%. At present, functional sensitivity is defined as the lowest concentration of TSH at which an interassay coefficient of variation of 20% can be achieved. This functional detection hmit encompasses both analytical and... 

Third generation immunometric assays have been developed for TSH measurements that have enhanced precision at even lower detection limits. Most of these assays use chemiluminescence-based technologies and have a functional detection limit of less than 0.02 mlU/L. Fourth generation assays having a functional detection limit of 0.001 to 0.002 mlU/L range also have been developed. ... 

Kuziel, W. A., Ju, G Grdina, T. A., and Greene, W. C., Unexpected effects of the IL-2 receptor a subunit of high affinity IL-2 receptor assembly and function detected with a mutant IL-2 analog. J. Immunol. 150, 3357 (1993). 

In conclusion, BP reduction independent from the class of drugs used is essential in conserving renal function. Detection of specific BP-independent renoprotective effects of ACE-I or ARB is difficult from a design point of view. There is, however, at least one well-designed randomized double-blind clinical trial clearly suggesting BP independence... 

The bifunctional system can thus confirm the presence of those substances that both absorb UV light and fluoresce, helping to confirm the identity of certain types of solutes. The DuPont instrument was the pioneer of multi-functional detection but, due to a number of problems that arose with its operation, in particular the rather serious dispersion that took place in the cell and eluent conduits and, perhaps, also because it was a little ahead of its time, it did not prove to be either a technical or commercial success. 

Multi-functional detectors monitor the column eluent by the measurement of more than one physical or chemical property simultaneously, employing a single sensing cell. To date, three bifunctional detectors and one trifunctional detector have been described. The three bifunctional detectors have combined UV absorption and fluorescent detection, UV absorption and electrical conductivity detection and UV absorption and refractive index detection. The latter uniquely combines a bulk property detector with a solute property detector producing, at least in theory, the nearest approach to a universal detector. The trifunctional detector incorporates UV absorption, electrical conductivity and fluorescence functions. Multi-functional detection provides detector versatility and a means of confirmir solute identity. Such detectors have to be designed, so that the performance specifications are not seriously compromised, and the cell and eluent conduits do not contribute significantly to peak dispersion. 

Low molecular weight poly(acrylic acid) is difficult if not impossible to detect directly in aqueous solution at the concentrations at which it is employed in water treatment applications. There are, however, many classic colorimetric techniques for the quantitative detection of saccharides down to the ppm level (75). If a poly(acrylic acid) water treatment polymer is prepared with pendent saccharide functionality, detecting the polymer reduces to a problem of detecting the saccharide functionality. With monomers of the type 5 in hand, we were able to explore this strategy for the preparation of a detectable water treatment polymer. 

Endocrine In patients receiving the minimum dose of amiodarone, thyroid abnormalities were observed at a rate between 14% and 18%. The effects on the thyroid gland are variable. Amiodarone may cause abnormal thyroid function detected only by laboratory test as well as clinically manifested thyroid dysfunction. The mechanism of this adverse effect is complex. Amiodarone inhibits the action of deiodinase and decreases peripheral conversion of thyroid hormones. Moreover, it decreases their renal elimination and inhibits their entry to peripheral tissues. The level of T4 increases by 40% within 1-4 months of amiodarone therapy. The deiodinase activity inhibition can be noticed after 3 months of treatment. It leads to an increase in the level of thyroid stimulating hormones. Amiodarone and its metabolite have a direct cytotoxic effect on thyroid follicular cells, which results in destructive thyroiditis. Amiodarone-induced thyroid damage can lead either to hypo- or hyperthyroidism. The latter can be of two types. Type 1 usually occurs in patients with prior thyroid damage. In this type, iodine excess causes excessive synthesis of thyroid hormones whereas in type 2 the inflammatory process is followed by destruction. A destructive thyroiditis leads to the release of hormones from damaged thyroid follicular cells. This mechanism occurs in patients with no history of thyroid disorders [15]. 

Figure 2. Functional detection process for an optical biosensor.

Operational barriers are the part of the Safety Barrier System (SBS) that involves specific human actions related to the barrier function detection, control, mitigation or emergency shutdovm. Examples of operational barriers could be a manual activation of emergency shutdown systems, firefighting and evacuation. A specific lookout or visual check of an operator that is performed only for safety reasons may be seen as an operational detecting barrier. 

Hence, the PSA has reached an understanding of the organizational barriers as the roles that perform the operational barrier elements. This has been described in several presentations given by the PSA since the issuing of the latest version of barrier guideline in January 2013 (PSA, 2013). One example given by PSA (Ersdal, 2014) is the barrier function detect and rebut related to the major accident ship collision . 

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