Phosphation sulfation

Some of the principal forms in which sulfur is intentionally incorporated in fertilizers are as sulfates of calcium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, and as elemental sulfur. Ammonium sulfate [7783-20-2] normal superphosphate, and sulfuric acid frequendy are incorporated in ammoniation granulation processes. Ammonium phosphate—sulfate is an excellent sulfur-containing fertilizer, and its production seems likely to grow. Some common grades of this product are 12—48—0—5S, 12—12S, and 8—32—8—6.5S. 

Hardness can also be calculated by summation of the individually deterrnined alkaline earths by means of atomic absorption analysis. Basic samples must be acidified, and lanthanum chloride must be added to minimise interferences from phosphate, sulfate, and aluminum. An ion-selective electrode that utilizes ahquid ion exchanger is also available for hardness measurement however, this electrode is susceptible to interferences from other dissolved metal ions. 

Precipitation is often applied to the removal of most metals from wastewater including zinc, cadmium, chromium, copper, fluoride, lead, manganese, and mercury. Also, certain anionic species can be removed by precipitation, such as phosphate, sulfate, and fluoride. Note that in some cases, organic compounds may form organometallic complexes with metals, which could inhibit precipitation. Cyanide and other ions in the wastewater may also complex with metals, making treatment by precipitation less efficient. A cutaway view of a rapid sand filter that is most often used in a municipal treatment plant is illustrated in Figure 4. The design features of this filter have been relied upon for more than 60 years in municipal applications. 

Add a suitable detergent reduce the salt concentration to avoid hydrophobic interactions or switch from structure-forming salts (phosphate sulfate) to chlorides or acetates... 

Secondary minerals. As weathering of primary minerals proceeds, ions are released into solution, and new minerals are formed. These new minerals, called secondary minerals, include layer silicate clay minerals, carbonates, phosphates, sulfates and sulfides, different hydroxides and oxyhydroxides of Al, Fe, Mn, Ti, and Si, and non-crystalline minerals such as allophane and imogolite. Secondary minerals, such as the clay minerals, may have a specific surface area in the range of 20-800 m /g and up to 1000 m /g in the case of imogolite (Wada, 1985). Surface area is very important because most chemical reactions in soil are surface reactions occurring at the interface of solids and the soil solution. Layer-silicate clays, oxides, and carbonates are the most widespread secondary minerals. 

Ammonium persulfate Enzyme breaker Complexing materials fluoride, phosphate, sulfate anions [747,748,748,748,749,969] [753] [205]... 

A particulate gel breaker for acid fracturing for gels crosslinked with titanium or zirconium compounds is composed of complexing materials such as fluoride, phosphate, sulfate anions, and multicarboxylated compounds. The particles are coated with a water-insoluble resin coating, which reduces the rate of release of the breaker materials of the particles so that the viscosity of the gel is reduced at a retarded rate [205]. 

Those minerals whose solubilities are greater than those of most oxides and silicates, but lower than those of soluble salt minerals, are grouped as semisoluble salt minerals (also called salt-type minerals). The list comprising this particular minerals group is calcite, dolomite, magnesite, barite, gypsum, scheelite, carbonate, phosphate, sulfate and some others. These minerals are characterized mainly by their tonic bonding and as has already been pointed out, by their moderate solubility. 

Serum electrolytes should be monitored in patients with CKD for the development of metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD is generally characterized by an elevated anion gap greater than 17 mEq/L (17 mmol/L), due to the accumulation of phosphate, sulfate, and other organic anions. 

The anion gap is the concentration of plasma anions not routinely measured by laboratory screening. It is useful in the evaluation of acid-base disorders. The anion gap is greater with increased plasma concentrations of endogenous species (e.g., phosphate, sulfate, lactate, and ketoacids) or exogenous species (e.g., salicylate, penicillin, ethylene glycol, ethanol, and methanol). The formulas for calculating the anion gap are as follows ... 

Veldkamp CT, Peterson FC, Pelzek AJ, Volkman BF. The monomer-dimer equilibrium of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL 12) is altered by pH, phosphate, sulfate, and heparin. Protein Sci 2005 14 1071-81. 

Chemical precipitation/coagulation methods transfer the target substances (mainly metals) in solution into a solid phase. Many heavy metal hydroxides and sulfides have very low solubility (within a certain pH range) and are therefore insoluble. The metal sulfides have significantly lower solubility than their hydroxide counterparts over a broad range of pH.26 Precipitation/coagulation is also applicable for removing certain anionic species such as phosphate, sulfate, and fluoride. 

The method is either not affected by or can allow for interference from phosphate, sulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate, coloured metal complexes, ammonia dyes, detergents, phenols, and other ultraviolet-absorbing substances. The method incorporates three features designed to reduce interferences ... 

Metabolic acidosis is characterized by decreased pH and serum HC03 concentrations, which can result from adding organic acid to extracellular fluid (e.g., lactic acid, ketoacids), loss of HC03 stores (e.g., diarrhea), or accumulation of endogenous acids due to impaired renal function (e.g., phosphates, sulfates). 

Feldspar, among many natural substances such as termite mount-clay, saw dust, kaolinite, and dolomite, offers significant removal ability for phosphate, sulfate, and color colloids. Optimization laboratory tests of parameters such as solution pH and flow rate, resulted in a maximum efficiency for removal of phosphate (42%), sulfate (52%), and color colloids (73%), x-ray diffraction, adsorption isotherms test, and recovery studies suggest that the removal process of anions occurs via ion exchange in conjunction with surface adsorption. Furthermore, reaction rate studies indicated that the removal of these pollutants by feldspar follows first-order kinetics. Percent removal efficiencies, even under optimized conditions, will be expected to be somewhat less for industrial effluents in actual operations due to the effects of interfering substances [58]. 

Priyantha, N. Pereira, S. Removal of phosphate, sulfate, and colored substances in wastewater effluents using Feldspar. Water Res. Mgnt. 2000, 14 (6), 417. 

Ligand (264) has been prepared and complexed with Ru" to give [Ru(264)(4-Metpy)] + which protonates on the cyclam N atoms to give a series of species up to [Ru(H3264)(4-Metpy)] +. In aqueous solution, the system acts as a selective luminescent sensor for ATP (with respect to phosphate, sulfate, and chloride ions). Oxaaza macrocycles attached to the 4 -position of tpy either directly or with a spacer as in (265) have been synthesized in addition, l,10-diaza-18-... 

Admixture Incompatibilities Calcium salts should not generally be mixed with carbonates, phosphates, sulfates, or tartrates in parenteral admixtures they are conditionally... 

Common CE buffers (e.g., phosphate, sulfate, borate, and other inorganic, nonvolatile salts) not compatible with ESI... 

Inorganic residues present in water can be simply classified in terms of the anions such as phosphates, sulfates, nitrates, chlorides, etc. and cations such as transition metals and alkaline and alkaline earths. As the methodology for removal of these species tends to be somewhat specific and reported studies tend to tackle these on an individual basis, the following sections look at these on a species by species basis. However, it is clear that remediation technologies must involve integration of the different approaches used to treat the individual contaminants. 

Fluorophosphonates, fluoro-C-glycosides and difluorodisaccharides can be used as non-hydrolisable and stable mimics of phosphates, sulfates, disaccharides, where the anomeric oxygen atom is replaced by a CHF or a CF2 group. 

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