Ammonia solar

Huang, C., Adebiyi, 0., Muradov, N., and T-Raissi, A., Production of Hydrogen via a Sulfur-Ammonia Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting... 

The discovery of chemical N2 fixation under ambient conditions is more compatible with a simple, complementary, low temperature and low pressure system, possibly operated electrochemically and driven by a renewable energy resource (qv), such as solar, wind, or water power, or other off-peak electrical power, located near or in irrigation streams. Such systems might produce and apply ammonia continuously, eg, directly in the rice paddy, or store it as an increasingly concentrated ammoniacal solution for later appHcation. In fact, the Birkeland-Eyde process of N2 oxidation in an electric arc has been... 

One form of solar heat does offer interesting possibilities and is refeiTcd to as OTEC (Ocean-Thermal Energy Conversion). The OTEC power plant principle uses the solar heat of ocean surface water to vaporize ammonia as a working fluid in a Rankine cycle. After the fluid is expanded in the turbine, it is condensed by the 22°C colder... 

Diesel began work on an economical engine as early as 1880. The following year he took out his first patents—for machines to make clear ice. Throughout the remainder of the decade he worked on an ammonia vapor engine and (less rigorously) on a solar-powered engine. In 1889 he moved to Berlin to work as Linde s representative there. In... 

In August 2006, the International Astronomical Union redefined the term planet and decided that the former ninth planet in the solar system should be referred to as a dwarf planet with the number 134340. The dwarf planet Pluto and its moon, Charon, are the brightest heavenly bodies in the Kuiper belt (Young, 2000). The ratio of the mass of the planet to that of its moon is 11 1, so the two can almost be considered as a double planet system. They are, however, quite disparate in their composition while Pluto consists of about 75% rocky material and 25% ice, Charon probably contains only water ice with a small amount of rocky material. The ice on Pluto is probably made up mainly of N2 ice with some CH4 ice and traces of NH3 ice. The fact that Pluto and Charon are quite similar in some respects may indicate that they have a common origin. Brown and Calvin (2000), as well as others, were able to obtain separate spectra of the dwarf planet and its moon, although the distance between the two is only about 19,000 kilometres. Crystalline water and ammonia ice were identified on Charon it seems likely that ammonia hydrates are present. 

The CBD CdS on CIGS or CIS devices produce superior solar cells relative to solar cells made by dry chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD) of CdS. Several groups15-20 put forward plausible reasons for the superior performance, including selective etching or removal of native oxides by ammonia and also that the CBD process does not cause any physical damage, which could occur during CVD or PVD processes. 

Christensen LK, Thinggaard K (1999) Solarization of greenhouse soil for prevention of Pythium root rot in organically grown cucumber. J Plant Pathol 81 137-144 Chun D, Lockwood JL (1985) Reduction of Pythium ultimum, Thielaviopsis basicola, and Macrophomina phaseolina populations in soil associated with ammonia generated from urea. Plant Dis 69 154-158... 

Besides the stimulating effect of increasing solar radiation on the biosynthesis and accumulation of MAAs in many algae and cyanobacteria, other environmental factors may also influence them. Nutrient availability (e.g. ammonia) in particular has positive effects on MAA concentrations (Korbee et al. 2005). 

The effect of dehydrating the digested waste using solar energy is investigated with respect to the stability of the ammonia compounds and the reduction of odour with the aim of producing an agriculturally valuable product. 

The aim of this system was to remove a large volume of water by solar energy. To reduce losses of nitrogen during drying, ammonia was reacted with phosphoric acid to produce less volatile compounds. 

Production of ammonia (NH ) Anhydrous (dry) ammonia is the fifth most produced industrial compound. The Haber-Bosch process uses steam on hot coke, which is mostly used in South Africa. In the United States, it is mostly produced from partial combustion of natural gas (methane) or by combining several gases using steam. Other methods use coke-oven gas, refinery gas (mostly methane), or even solar energy. Ammonia is toxic if inhaled and has a high pH value when mixed with water (hydration) to form ammonium hydroxide (NH OH), which has many uses, including as a household cleaner. Ammonia forms many compounds, including ammonium nitrate in fertilizer, rocket fuel, and explosives. Ammonia is also explosive when mixed with mercury or silver or when mixed as part of nitrocellulose. 

Incident solar energy is absorbed by the surface water of the oceans. Ocean surface temperatures in excess of 26°C occur near the equator. Pure water has a maximum density at a temperature of 4°C. The chilled water tends to settle to the depths of the ocean. The combination of the warmed ocean surface water and cold deep ocean water provides the thermodynamic condition needed to operate a heat engine called ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). A typical closed-cycle OTEC Rankine cycle using a working fluid such as ammonia or a freon is suggested. 

Results of Wulf et al (7) show that carrot roots obtained from a supermarket contain myristicin Imperator variety carrots contain an average of 15 parts per million (ppm). Recently harvested, unprocessed carrots only rarely contain myristicin (8). The presence of myristicin in supermarket carrots and its absence in recently harvested ones indicate that its increased concentration may have been induced by some elicitor following harvest. Solar radiation after harvest, or fluorescent lighting during display, may function as such an elicitor. Light is known to produce ethylene and is an activator of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, one of the regulatory enzymes responsible for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants (9). 

For a fuel, an electron source is needed. Water is the ultimate electron source from an economical point of view. Water photolysis is the simplest among the chemical conversion systems of solar energy. Photochemical reduction of nitrogen or carbon dioxide to produce ammonia or hydrocarbons with the electrons from water is also an attractive system of conversion. 

Polymers are attracting much attention as functional materials to construct photochemical solar energy conversion systems. Polymers and molecular assemblies are of great value for a conversion system to realize the necessary one-directional electron flow. Colloids of polymer supported metal and polynuclear metal complex are especially effective as catalysts for water photolysis. Fixation and reduction of N2 or C02 are also attractive in solar energy utilization, although they were not described in this article. If the reduction products such as alcohols, hydrocarbons, and ammonia are to be used as fuels, water should be the electron source for the economical reduction. This is why water photolysis has to be studied first. 

Since the envisionaged application of a CD process in thin-fihn solar cells is a large-scale one, efforts have been made to optimize the deposition process used, particularly in minimizing the waste Cd-containing solutions. Dilute Cd solutions (ca. 1 mM), a flow system with filtration, and a heated substrate have been employed to this end. The heated substrate means that deposition occurs preferentially on the substrate rather than on the cooler walls of the deposition vessel. Also, ethylenediamine has been used as a complexant rather than the much more volatile ammonia. 

Simulated solar conversion efficiencies up to 6.8% on Ti substrates have been reported for annealed CD CdSe films in polysulphide electrolyte based on a low-ammonia-concentration-selenosulphate bath. Several successive depositions were required to build up an optimum final fihn thickness of 2.5 jim (when most of the hght was absorbed). The initial deposit was annealed to improve adherence and the final multideposited film was annealed at 550°C in air, followed by etching and zinc ion treatment. 

Films deposited from mixed Cd/Pb solutions complexed with ammonia (for Cd) and hydroxide (for Pb), both in a minimum amount to effect dissolution, at pH values between 10 and 13 and deposition temperatures between 60 and 80°C were concluded, from consideration of the XRD, TEM (which showed two different crystal sizes), and optical spectra, to be mixtures of the two sulphides rather than a solid solution [21]. A study of these films for solar-selective surfaces was carried out. 

Diagram on the left shows the composition of the solar nebula (abundances in wt. %). Diagram on the right expands metals (astronomical jargon) into ices (water, methane, and ammonia) and rock (all other remaining elements). Jupiter and Saturn formed mostly from nebular gases, Uranus and Neptune formed mostly from ices, and the terrestrial planets formed primarily from rock. 

The aerosols of sulfuric acid so formed increase the reflectivity (albedo) of the Earth s atmosphere, cutting down the solar radiation that reaches the Earth s surface and so counteracting to some extent the greenhouse warming due to CO2 emissions that accompany the SO2, as mentioned earlier. Airborne sulfuric acid may be neutralized by traces of ammonia in the air, giving particulate NH4HSO4 and (NH4)2S04 hazes, but in the absence of such neutralization the aqueous sulfuric acid droplets in tropospheric clouds may reach pH 1.5 or lower. 

Several applications of IR spectroscopy to astrophysics have been made. Small amounts of methane in the earth s atmosphere have been detected by the observation of weak IR absorption lines in solar radiation that has passed through the earth s atmosphere. Intense IR absorption bands of CH4 have been found in the spectra of the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Bands of ammonia have been observed for Jupiter and Saturn bands of C02 have been observed in the Venusian spectrum and bands of H20 have been observed in the Martian spectrum. 

The stability of methane and ammonia against the photolysis by solar radiation has been discussed by McNesby (685) and Strobel (442, 944-946). 

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