International Astronomical Union

In August 2006, the International Astronomical Union redefined the term planet and decided that the former ninth planet in the solar system should be referred to as a dwarf planet with the number 134340. The dwarf planet Pluto and its moon, Charon, are the brightest heavenly bodies in the Kuiper belt (Young, 2000). The ratio of the mass of the planet to that of its moon is 11 1, so the two can almost be considered as a double planet system. They are, however, quite disparate in their composition while Pluto consists of about 75% rocky material and 25% ice, Charon probably contains only water ice with a small amount of rocky material. The ice on Pluto is probably made up mainly of N2 ice with some CH4 ice and traces of NH3 ice. The fact that Pluto and Charon are quite similar in some respects may indicate that they have a common origin. Brown and Calvin (2000), as well as others, were able to obtain separate spectra of the dwarf planet and its moon, although the distance between the two is only about 19,000 kilometres. Crystalline water and ammonia ice were identified on Charon it seems likely that ammonia hydrates are present. 

Y. Ogawara International Astronomical Union, Symposium N° 188, p. 75, Kyoto, Japan, Kluver Academic Publishers (1998)... 

Spectral line data are also given in Reports of IAU Commissions 14 and 29 in Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, published biennially. 

Utilization of data obtained from various plasma sources (e.g. beam-foil, tokamak and laser-produced plasma [287]) enabled the identification with high accuracy of the lines of highly ionized atoms in solar spectra. A special commision No 14 on Atomic and Molecular Data of the International Astronomical Union coordinates the activity on systematization of spectroscopic data, informs the astrophysics community on new developments and provides assessments and recommendations. It also provides reports which highlight these new developments and list all important recent literature references on atomic spectra and wavelength standards, energy level analyses, line classifications, compilations of laboratory data, databases and bibliographies. 

C. Frohlich and J. Lean, Total Solar Irradiance Variations The Construction of a Composite and it s Comparison with Models, International Astronomical Union Symposium 185 New Eyes to See Inside the Sun and Stars, Dortrect, The Netherlands, Kluwer Academic, 1998. 

E. F. Van Dishoek, ed., Molecules in Astrophysics Probes and Processes, International Astronomical Union and Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1997. 

The International Astronomical Union has established a guide to the naming of planetary features, and for Mercury the convention is that craters are named after artists, musicians, painters, and authors plains are given names corresponding to Mercury in various languages scarps are named after famous ships of scientific discovery, and valleys are named after radio telescopes. 

Let us skip at once to 2004 and observe that the "consensus cosmology," in place at least since 1997 (the Kyoto General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, for instance) has 70% or a bit more of the gravitating stuff in the universe (whose total adds up to the critical, flat density) present in the form of something with negative pressure. The simplest possible incarnation (consistent with all available data at present) is indeed constant in both time and space, and, like cold dark matter, has no new interactions or forces (79). 

B. Carter. Large number coincidences and the anthropic principle in cosmology. In Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with Observational Data, International Astronomical Union Symposium No. 63, ed. M. S. Longair. Dordrecht Reidel (1974), pp. 291-8 also The anthropic principle and its implications for biological evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, A310, 347 (1983). 

The last planet-like object to be explored is Pluto. Since its discovery in 1930 by American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh (1906-97), Pluto has been considered one of the nine planets in the solar system. In August 2006, however, the International Astronomical Union established a new set of criteria for planets that Pluto did not meet. It is now considered a dwarf planet. In spite of its new designation, astronomers remain very interested in the chemical composition and physical characteristics of Pluto. Astronomers do have a fair amount of information about Pluto from ground-based observatories, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite. NASA s New Horizons space mission is expected to provide a great deal more detail about the strange and mysterious astronomical body. New Horizons was launched on January 19, 2006. It is expected to fly by Pluto and its satellite, Charon, in July 2015. 

Before August 2006, Pluto was just another planet. Then the members of the International Astronomical Union pronounced it a dwarf planet. That demotion is irrelevant to astrologers. Astrologers believe that Pluto possesses the power of transformation, and nothing s going to change that. 

Another theory which accounts for the creation of elements will be explained here by Otto Struve, Chairman of the Department of Astronomy of the University of California at Berkeley and former president of the International Astronomical Union. 

Message, P.J. (1966b) On nearly-commensurable periods in the restricted problem of three bodies, with calculations of the long-period variations in the interior 2 1 case. In Contopoulos, G., editor, The Proceedings of Symposium No. 25 of the International Astronomical Union, pages 197-222. 

Resolution 6 from the XXVf General Assembly in Prague Definition of a Planet in the Solar System, 2006. International Astronomical Union. URL http //www.iau.Org/resolution at GA-XXVL340.0.html (accessed March 17, 2007). 

The constants in this table are based originally on the set of constants adopted by the International Astronomical Union (lAU) in 1976. Updates have been made when new data were available. All values are given in SI Units thus masses are expressed in kilograms and distances in meters. 

The last four entries in the table are dwarf planets as defined by the International Astronomical Union. These are bodies in orbit around the sun that are massive enough to adopt a near-spherical shape as a result of their self-gravity, but are appreciably smaller than the major planets. Plutoids form a subset of the dwarf plan-... 

In June 2008 the International Astronomical Union decided on the name plutoid for the category of transneptunian dwarf planets. Plutoids are celestial bodies in orbit around the sun at a semimajor axis greater than that of Neptune and sufficiently massive to adopt a near-spherical shape. See . 

The International Astronomical Union passed resolutions in August 2006 that defined Pluto as a dwarf planet and recognized it as the prototype of a new category of TranS Neptunian Objects. See . 

Originally, the second was defined originally as the fraction 1/86,400 of the mean solar day. However, unpredictable irregularities in the rotation of the earth were discovered. In 1960 a definition, based on the tropical year, was presented by the International Astronomical Union. In 1997 the following definition was agreed ... 

According to the International Astronomical Union (lAU), a planet is defined in the following way ... 

Information about constellations, including clear star charts, from the International Astronomical Union... 

International Astronomical Union 2006 General Assembly Result of the lAU resolution votes This press release carries the official definition of a planet dwarf planet... 

The International Astronomical Union s Question and Answer Sheet about planets... 

The Symposium on Infrared and Submillimeter Astronomy was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on June 8-10, 1976, as an activity associated with the Nineteenth Plenary Meeting of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). The Symposium was sponsored jointly by COSPAR, the International Astronomical Union (lAU) and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI). 

Walter S. Fitch (ed.). Multiple Periodic Variable Stars. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Colloquium No. 29, Held at Budapest, Hungary, 1-5 September 1975. 1976, XIV + 348 pp. 

COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION (lAU) INTERNATIONAL UNION OF RADIO SCIENCE (URSI)... 

Astrochemistry (Internal Astronomical Union Symposium 120), eds. M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (Dordrecht Reidel), p.29. 

His works were collected into one volume and published in 1848 under the title Writings on Public Economy. Fabbroni was a versatile man of science and his scientific eclecticism was well recognized not only in Tuscany but abroad. When the Soviets, starting in 1959, succeeded in photographing the dark side of the moon, the International Astronomic Union decided to name one of its craters after him. 

Aikawa Y, Furuya K, Wakelam V et al (2011) Hydrodynamical-chemical models from prestellar cores to protostellar cores. In The molecular Universe, Proceedings of the international astronomical union, lAU symposium Conference held in Toledo (Spain), June 2011... 

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