Amine phosphate alkyl ester

Antistatic additives are designed to be present on the surface of the molded part to achieve the full antistatic benefit. The types of additives used to enhance antistatic properties include quaternary ammonium salts, alkyl sulfonates or phosphate plus alkali metals, ethoxylated amines, or gylcerol esters. Antistatics are typically used at higher levels than other additives such as antioxidants. Therefore, antistatics are likely to increase light scattering, making it more difficult to achieve the higher chroma colors. 

This methodology has also been applied to the conversion of alkyl esters into vinyl ethers with high stereoselectivity favoring the (Z)-isomer (Scheme 30). While standard Li/amine reduction conditions were not applicable, the enol phosphates could be reduced using triethylaluminum and tetrakis(tri-phenylphosphine)palladium. 

The hydroxyl groups on glycols undergo the usual alcohol chemistry giving a wide variety of possible derivatives. Hydroxyls can be converted to aldehydes, alkyl hahdes, amides, amines, a2ides, carboxyUc acids, ethers, mercaptans, nitrate esters, nitriles, nitrite esters, organic esters, peroxides, phosphate esters, and sulfate esters (6,7). 

For extraction of uranium from sulfate leach Hquors, alkyl phosphoric acids, alkyl phosphates, and secondary and tertiary alkyl amines are used in an inert diluent such as kerosene. The formation of a third phase is suppressed by addition of modifiers such as long-chain alcohols or neutral phosphate esters. Such compounds also increase the solubihty of the amine salt in the diluent and improve phase separation. 

The development of monoalkyl phosphate as a low skin irritating anionic surfactant is accented in a review with 30 references on monoalkyl phosphate salts, including surface-active properties, cutaneous effects, and applications to paste and liquid-type skin cleansers, and also phosphorylation reactions from the viewpoint of industrial production [26]. Amine salts of acrylate ester polymers, which are physiologically acceptable and useful as surfactants, are prepared by transesterification of alkyl acrylate polymers with 4-morpholinethanol or the alkanolamines and fatty alcohols or alkoxylated alkylphenols, and neutralizing with carboxylic or phosphoric acid. The polymer salt was used as an emulsifying agent for oils and waxes [70]. Preparation of pharmaceutical liposomes with surfactants derived from phosphoric acid is described in [279]. Lipid bilayer vesicles comprise an anionic or zwitterionic surfactant which when dispersed in H20 at a temperature above the phase transition temperature is in a micellar phase and a second lipid which is a single-chain fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or fatty alcohol which is in an emulsion phase, and cholesterol or a derivative. 

Surfactants are also used to break low mobility oil emulsions. Organic amines and quaternary ammonium salts (128), alkylphenol ethoxylates (128), poly(ethylene oxide-co-propylene oxide-co-propylene glycol) (129) and alkyl- or alkylaryl polyoxyalkylene phosphate esters (130) are among the surfactants that have been used. 

Addition to linear 1,1-disubstituted allylic acetates is slower than addition to monosubstituted allylic esters. Additions to allylic trifluoroacetates or phosphates are faster than additions to allylic carbonates or acetates, and reactions of branched allylic esters are faster than additions to linear allylic esters. Aryl-, vinyl, alkynyl, and alkyl-substituted allylic esters readily undergo allylic substitution. Amines and stabilized enolates both react with these electrophiles in the presence of the catalyst generated from an iridium precursor and triphenylphosphite. 

Industrial surfactants find uses in almost every industry, from asphalt manufacturing to carpet fibers, from pulp and paper production to leather processing. Examples of the types of chemicals used as surfactants are fatty alcohol sulfates, alkanolamides, alkoxylates, sulfosuccinates, amines, quaternaries, phosphate esters, acid esters, blockcopolymers, betaines, imidazolines, alkyl sulfonates, etc. 

In practice, a less acidic pH and a lower temperature are used for fur than for wool. A pH of 4.5 and a temperature of 50-60 °C are sufficient, if used in combination with leveling agents. These are normally ethoxylated fatty alcohols or amines. The auxiliaries promote leveling and regulate the uptake of the dyes. Combination with an alkyl phosphate ester as carrier is recommended. 

MA3, by completing the coordination requirements of the metal, M, to give an adduct MA3 nL. This is true of extractants such as ethers, the alkyl phosphate esters, the phosphine oxides, the amine salts, and all extractants that require transfer of a charge-equivalent amount of anion to the organic phase to form the extracted species. 

Dimethylsulfate, Li0H-H20, THF, reflux, 66-100% yield. K2CO3 in acetone can effectively be used as base and solvent with dimethylsulfate to form esters. A polymer supported methyl sulfate also effectively esterifles carboxylic acids (K2CO3, CH3CN, reflux, 72-99% yield). This reagent also alkylates thiols, phenols, phosphates, and amines. ... 

In the selection of an appropriate corrosion inhibitor, an important consideration is the problem of adverse competition with other additives designed to adsorb on the liquid-metal interface. Extreme pressure and/or antiwear agents compete for the same sites as the corrosion inhibitor. Eatty amines are good corrosion inhibitors in this type of environment. However, their adverse effect on the performance of ZDDP additives often prohibits their use. Half esters or amides of dodecylsuccinic acid, phosphate esters or thiophosphates are frequently employed. A combination of inhibitors is sometimes used, for example, fatty carboxylic acids or the dimer/trimer analogues of the unsaturated acids, e.g. oleic, used in conjunction with an amine such as an ethanolamine or alkyl amine, or amide such as alkyl imidazoline and sarcosines, Eig. 6.7. Shorter chain carboxylic acid and amines are used as volatile corrosion inhibitors. 

Functional Groups aldehydes ketones alcohols alkyl groups and rings carboxylic and phosphoric acids and esters amines carboxylic acids amides carbohydrate heterocyclic bases phosphate esters... 

Phosphoric and Polyphosphoric Acid Esters, R(OC2H4)xOP(0)(0 M+)2 and [R(OC2H4)xO]2P(0)0 M+ Mainly phosphated POE alcohols and phenols, some sodium alkyl phosphates (not oxyethylenated). The POE materials are available in free acid form or as sodium or amine salts. Products are mixtures of monobasic and dibasic phosphates. 

---