Phosphate, amine-phosphates

Electrochemical oxidation and reduction of het-ero atom compounds, such as N, S, and P compounds, has been intensively studied and utilized for synthesis of many fine chemicals [1-4]. Electrooxidative S-S, S-N, S-P, and N-P bond formation is performed successfully by electrolysis of thiols, disulfide/amine, disulfide/phosphate, amine/ phosphate, and so on, affording useful chemicals, e.g., thiuram disulfide [17], sulfenamide [18], sulfenimides [19], phosphorothiolates [20], phosphoramidate [21], and so on. For instance, cross-coupling of phthalimide and dicyclohexy disulfide is performed by electrolysis in acetonitrile containing a catalytic amount of sodium bromide under a ccaistant apphed voltage (3 V, 0.7-0.9 V vs. SCE) to afford N-(cyclohexylthio)phthalimide, an important prevulcanization inhibitor in the rubber industry, in quantitative yield [19] (Fig. 4). 

Corrosion inhibitors partial esters of succinic acid, fatty acids, sulfonates, phenates, amine phosphates. 

Melamine and Other Amine Phosphates. Three melamine phosphate commercial products have been reported (60) including melamine orthophosphate [20208-95-17, H O P, [41583-09-9] aH O P dimelamine orthophosphate and melamine pyrophosphate [15541-60-3] ... 

Monoammonium phosphate Diammonium phosphate Nitric oxide Actylonitrile Caprolactam Monomethylamine Dimetliylamine Hexametliylenetetramine Trimetliylamine Monoethanolamine Dietlianolamine Trietlianolamine Hydrogen Cyanide Fatty nitrogen compounds (nitriles, amines, quaternary ammonimn compounds)... 

Coordinated phosphate control charts assume either that all contribution to pH level is derived from phosphate or that the buffering action of phosphate is sufficient to overcome the presence of other alkaline species, such as amines. Neither assumption is true. This may lead operators to conclude perhaps that a higher than anticipated bulk water pH level (caused by the presence of amine) should be rectified by the addition of MSP. This action may lower localized Na P04 ratios below 2.2 1.0, producing acid phosphate corrosion (phosphate wastage) and resulting in tube thinning and ultimately tube failure. 

Two dinuclear complexes, with five-coordinate zinc centers, derived from tris((2-pyridyl)-methyl) amine were synthesized and bridging phosphate or phosphate ester groups. The X-ray structure of the phosphate monoester complex shows a syn-anti bridging mode in contrast to alkaline phosphatase in which it is syn-syn 448 Fenton and co-workers have also studied other related dizinc species of compartmental ligands 449... 

Basic compounds Amines Phosphate buffer, triethylamine (buffered to pH 3.0)... 

This enzyme [EC 2.7.7.14], also referred to as ethanol-amine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase and phosphoryl-ethanolamine transferase, catalyzes the reaction of CTP with ethanolamine phosphate to produce CDP-ethanol-amine and pyrophosphate. 

Vitamin B6 is a collective term for pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridox amine, all derivatives of pyridine. They differ only in the nature of the functional group attached to the ring (Figure 28.10). Pyridoxine occurs primarily in plants, whereas pyridoxal and pyridoxamine are found in foods obtained from animals. All three compounds can serve as precur sors of the biologically active coenzyme, pyridoxal phosphate. Pyridoxal phosphate functions as a coenzyme for a large number of enzymes, par ticularly those that catalyze reactions involving amino acids. 

The water-soluble flume retardants are most easily applied by impregnal-ing the fabric wilh a water solution of a retardant, followed by drying. The water-soluble flame retardants used must widely for textiles are listed in Tahle 3. Less commonly used retardants include sulfamates of urea or other amides and amines aliphatic amine phosphates, such as triethanolamine phosphate, phosphamic acid tamido phosphoric acid. and its... 

Flow and fusion promoters Thixotropic agents Antiaging Antioxidants PMMA and acrylate ester copolymers, MBS Fumed silica, clays Sterically hindered phenols, sec-aromatic amines, phosphates, thioethers... 

Secondary phosphate + amine+ carboxyl (phosphatidylserine) Net negative at pH 7.4... 

The solubility of rare earth hydrides in organic solvents is increased by appropriate additives, too. For this purpose the hydrides are reacted with electron-donor ligands such as alkyl benzoates, alkyl propionates, alkyl tolu-ates, dialkylethers, cyclic ethers, alkylated amines, N,N -dimclhylacelamide, AT-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, trialkyl and triaryl phosphines, trialkyl phosphates and triaryl phosphates, trialkyl phosphates, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, etc. Prior to use as a polymerization catalyst the prereacted mixture of the rare earth hydride plus the additive is prereacted with Al-alkyl-based Lewis acids in the temperature range of 60-100 °C for 10 min to 24 h [351,352]. 

Lanthanide halide complexes free of coordinated Lewis bases, such as alcohols, phosphates, amines, dimethylsulfoxide, or THF, suffer from low solubilities in non-coordinating solvents. Therefore, catalytic systems based on LnCl3 generally require preformation or aging in order to reach maximum activities. In contrast, lanthanide tetrahalogenoaluminate complexes are soluble in aromatic solvents. Such simple Ln/Al heterobimetallic halide... 

Fig. 12.49. Action of corrosion inhibitors, (a) Anodic inhibitors. Examples Chromate, nitrite, molybdate, tungstate, orthophosphate, silicate, benzoate, (b) Cathodic inhibitors. Examples Ca(HC03)2, ZnS04, Cr2(S04)3, NiS04 phosphate, aminoethylene phosphate (AMP), Ag3+, Sb3+ (on iron) Hg (on zinc), (c) Mixed inhibitors. Examples organic inhibitors containing nitrogen and/or sulfur (e.g., amines, triazoles, thiazoles, alkylthioureas) inorganic inhibitors (e.g., arsenite, arsenate, selenate). (Reprinted from G. Ranglen, Corrosion of Metals, p. 165,1985 with permission from Chapman Hall.)...

There are several classes of amine phosphates commercially available to flame retard a wide variety of polymeric substrates, both natural and synthetic.24 A classic example is the three variations of melamine phosphate melamine orthophosphate, dimelamine orthophosphate, and melamine pyrophosphate. Of these, the pyrophosphate is the least soluble and the most thermally stable. Melamine orthophosphate is converted to the pyrophosphate upon heating, with the loss of water. All the aforementioned variations are available as finally divided solids, are used commercially in coatings, and have utility in a wide variety of thermoplastics and thermosets (mostly presented in the patent literature). 

Information Revealed by the Reactions of Organic Amine Phosphates... 

FIGURE 4. X-ray diffraction patterns of the products of the reaction of DAPP with Zn2+ ions, (a) XRD pattern of the monophasic zinc phosphate with a ladder structure, and (b) XRD pattern of the mono-phasic layered zinc phosphate. The diffraction patterns (c)—(f) are those of the products obtained from the reaction of DAPP with Zn2+ ions at different temperatures, as indicated (duration of reaction, 24 h). Notice the presence of reflections due to the ladder and the layer structures in the patterns and the time evolution of phases. The XRD pattern (0, in addition, shows a unique reflection due to an unidentified precursor. The XRD pattern (g) is that of the amine phosphate (DAPP). The inset at the top of the figure shows the formation of the ladder and the layer structures and their time evolution at 150 °C. 

Rao, C, N. R. Natarajan, S. Neeraj, S. Building open-framework melal phosphates from amine phosphates and a monomeric four-membered ring phosphate. J, Solid State Chem, 2000, 152 302. 

Choudhury, A. Natarajan, S. Rao, C. N. R. A layered aluminum phosphate by the amine phosphate by the amine phosphate route, Int. J, Inorg, Mater, 2000, 2, 87. Natarajan, S, Neeraj, S, Rao, C. N. R, Three-dimensional open-framework Co " and ZnM phosphates synthesized via the amine phosphate route. Solid State Sci. 2000, 2, 87,... 

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