Areas of apphcation

Because of its small size and portabiHty, the hot-wire anemometer is ideally suited to measure gas velocities either continuously or on a troubleshooting basis in systems where excess pressure drop cannot be tolerated. Furnaces, smokestacks, electrostatic precipitators, and air ducts are typical areas of appHcation. Its fast response to velocity or temperature fluctuations in the surrounding gas makes it particularly useful in studying the turbulence characteristics and rapidity of mixing in gas streams. The constant current mode of operation has a wide frequency response and relatively lower noise level, provided a sufficiently small wire can be used. Where a more mgged wire is required, the constant temperature mode is employed because of its insensitivity to sensor heat capacity. In Hquids, hot-film sensors are employed instead of wires. The sensor consists of a thin metallic film mounted on the surface of a thermally and electrically insulated probe. 

There are several areas of appHcation for organic—inorganic hybrids. 

Erasable optical disk (EOD) systems, on the other hand, are challenging classic magnetic media in some areas of appHcation, primarily magnetic tape and the hard disk, but mostly optical media complement magnetic media. 

Microscopists in every technical field use the microscope to characterize, compare, and identify a wide variety of substances, eg, protozoa, bacteria, vimses, and plant and animal tissue, as well as minerals, building materials, ceramics, metals, abrasives, pigments, foods, dmgs, explosives, fibers, hairs, and even single atoms. In addition, microscopists help to solve production and process problems, control quaUty, and handle trouble-shooting problems and customer complaints. Microscopists also do basic research in instmmentation, new techniques, specimen preparation, and appHcations of microscopy. The areas of appHcation include forensic trace evidence, contamination analysis, art conservation and authentication, and asbestos control, among others. 

Because a wide range of properties are realized with various compositions, polyimides are used in diverse areas of appHcation. 

Elemental boron is used in very diverse industries from metallurgy (qv) to electronics. Other areas of appHcation include ceramics (qv), propulsion, pyrotechnics, and nuclear chemistry. Boron is nontoxic. Workplace hygienic practices, however, include a voiding the breathing of boron dust or fine powder. 

Potential areas of apphcation for carboranes include adhesives, gaskets, and O-rings (27). Research has been reported on improving the oxidation resistance and strength of carbon materials by coating with a carborane siloxane polymer (36). 

Whilst specifically developed for the clinical market, the Cobas Fara II has many other areas of apphcation, for example in environmental testing, food testing and animal toxicology. 

Another interesting area of apphcation is where flow systems are used in conjunction with the flow-injection approach to select particular components from a sample, i.e. organic or inorganic mercury samples, or to preconcentrate particular elements of interest. McLeod... 

Brown, M. E. (1988). Introduction to Thermal Analysis, Chapman and Hall, London. A text describing the several types of thermal analysis and their areas of apphcation. Chapter 13 is devoted to nonisothermal kinetics. 

Infrared spectroscopy has continued to support the study of adsorption and reactivity at well-defined electrode surfaces. Single crystals are employed to probe active site models for catalytic reactions and as templates for the deposition and growth of other phases. Infrared spectroscopy has played an important role in enabling in-situ detection and molecular-level characterization of species present at these surfaces. The sections below highlight some recent areas of apphcation. 

New types of reactor, such as the membrane reactor, wiU in future be applied to additional areas of apphcation. Already today this type of reactor is being used not only for homogeneous catalysis, but also for selective hydrogenation. Selective oxidation reactions in a membrane reactor appear promising. 

To end this section, it is worthwhile to note that long-range dependence processes (also called long-memory processes) and their statistics have many areas of apphcation statistical physics, neiuoscience, communication networks, tiubulence, hydrology, meteorology, geophysics, finance, econometrics. The Hterature on the subject is vast (see, e.g., [51]). 

We have seen how various parameters can be altered and combined to produce a material with given responses, but the lines of demarcation dividing polymers into the three major areas of apphcation — fibers, elastomers, and plastics — are by no means well defined. It is most important then to establish criteria that determine whether a polymer is a superior fiber, an excellent elastomer, or a particulariy suitable plastic before overindulging in the interesting stages of molecular design and engineering. 

In Volume 2, the most important applications for technical textiles are explored by authors having specific knowledge in each area. In comparison with the first edition of the Handbook, the 13 chapters presented are both more numerous and indicative of the changes that have taken place not only across the sector in general but also in the various areas of apphcation during the last 15 years. 

RO membrane separation has been traditionally used for seawater and brackish water desalination, and production of high-purity water for food, pharmaceutical processing and industrial waste treatment, as discussed in Chapter 1. The development of nanofiltration (NF) membranes has opened up many areas of apphcation including water softening, removal of disinfection by-product precurson (trihalomethanes), removal of total organic carbon (TOC), food processing and industrial water treatment [5]. 

The family of PKs, also called polyaryletherketones (PAEKs), consists of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetheretherketone-ketone (PEEKK), polyetherketone (PEK), and polyetherketone-etherketone-ketone (PEKEKK). They share similar molecular structures based upon repeating ether and ketone groups in various ratios. Cost of the resins is high but, in RPs with high-performance fibers, there are many appfications in the aerospace and defense industries, electrical and atomic installations, and industrial and electronics products. Compoimds for injection molding are available, but the major area of apphcation is with thermoplastic prepreg materials, using mats, fabrics and/or continuous fiber. 

Textile electronics is another exciting area of apphcation. Fibrous diodes and transistors have already been developed in different laboratories. Flexible sensors and actuators (textile displays, heating fabrics) will in the future be part of our clothes, car interiors and home textiles. Therefore, flexible textile-based electronic circuits will be fully integrated to fabrics and connected to databases and servers making possible new ways to utilize clothing and other textiles. 

The same essential procedures as those demonstrated in this simple example apply with equal validity to other physical situations and are, in fact, the very essence of scientihc experimentation and research. The progression of the development of mathematical models and procedures in many different areas of apphcation is remarkably similar. Development of a mathematical model begins with a simple expression to which rehnements are made, and the... 

---