Production alloys

Metals andMllojs Aluminum Association 900 19th Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20006 Standards for wrought and cast aluminum and aluminum alloy products, including composition, temper designation, dimensional tolerance, etc. 

Copper Development Association P.O. Box 1840 Greenwich, Conn. 06836 Standards for wrought and cast copper and copper alloy products a standards handbook is pubUshed with tolerances, alloy data, terminology, engineering data, processing characteristics, sources and specifications cross-indexes for six coppers and 87 copper-based alloys that are recognized as standards. 

Table 24. Long Transverse Properties of Wrought Aluminum Alloy Products...

Recommended practice for examination and evaluation of pitting corrosion Test method for determining susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of high-strength aluminium alloy products Test method for pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of stainless steels and related alloys by the use of ferric chloride solution Recommended practice for preparation and use of direct tension stress corrosion test specimens... 

Several other useful modifications of calciothermic reduction have been successfully developed for the preparation of this neodymium-bearing magnetic alloy. One of these is reduction-extraction which involves the reduction of neodymium sesquioxide (Nd203) with calcium in a molten calcium chloride-sodium chloride salt bath at 750 °C and the simultaneous extraction of the reduced metal into a molten neodymium-zinc or neodymium-iron alloy pool. The neodymium-zinc alloy product is treated in vacuum to remove zinc and produce neodymium metal, while the neodymium-iron alloy is itself the end product of... 

Secondary metals production may refer to secondary metal extraction or to secondary alloy production. Secondary metal extraction normally extracts one metal from the waste and sells any valuable by-products to other metal extractors or chemical processors. In secondary alloy production, the scrap is blended and refined so as to yield an alloy of the desired chemistry. In both cases it is necessary to deal with various sizes, shapes, and compositions of waste materials and the processing route adopted moreover, the plant where the process is implemented should have sufficient flexibility to handle such widely varying input material. 

This process is currently being used at five other installations manufacturing copper and copper-alloy products. The chemical rinse technique is applicable to electroplating operations and has gained... 

A number of chemical or electrochemical treatments may be applied after the forming of aluminum or aluminum alloy products. Solvent, acid and alkaline solutions, and detergents can be used to clean soils such as oil and grease from the aluminum surface. Acid and alkaline solutions can be used to etch the product or brighten its surface. Acid solutions are also used for deoxidizing and desmutting. 

This subcategory is applicable to all wastewater discharges resulting from or associated with forging of aluminum or aluminum alloy products. The forging subcategory consists of approximately 15 plants, 12 of which use only this process. Thus, only 20% of the plants have operations that overlap with one or more other subcategories. 

Master-alloy production, 23 318-319 Masterbatching, 11 307-308 Master contracts, 24 373-374 Master curves, 21 746-747 uses for, 21 747 Master flowmeters, 11 653 Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) configuration, 14 697 Masticatory substance, 12 32 Mastic, for protecting art, 11 410, 411 MAT a cells, 26 453 Matched die molding, 20 117 Material balance problems, 10 748 Material balances, in minerals processing, 16 606... 

Ferro-alloys Master alloys containing a significant amount of bon and a few elements more or less soluble in molten bon which improve properties of bon and steels. As additives they give bon and steel better characteristics (increased tensile sbength, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, etc.). For master alloy production carbothermic processes are used for large-scale ferro-sihcon, ferro-chromium, ferro-tungsten, ferro-manganese, ferro-nickel and metallothermic processes (mainly alumino and sihco-thermic) for ferro-titanium, ferro-vanadium, ferro-molybdenum, ferro-boron. 

Tungsten is recovered mostly from mineral scheebte and wolframite. The recovery process depends on the mineral, the cost, and the end use i.e., the commercial products to be made. Typical industrial processes have been developed to convert tungsten ores to tungsten metal and alloy products, tungsten steel, non-ferrous alloys, cast and cemented tungsten carbides, and tungsten compounds. A few processes are mentioned briefly below. 

The APT may directly be reduced with hydrogen to produce tungsten powder. The powder may be pressed, sintered and fabricated to produce tungsten metal and alloy products.The tungsten powder may be heated with carbon to form tungsen carbides which may be converted to cast carbides or certain grades of cemented carbides. Or the tungsten powder may be alloyed with specific metals to form various non-ferrous alloys. 

The casting alloy products comprise sand castings, permanent mold castings, and die castings. Aluminum is the basic raw material for more than 20,000 businesses in the United States. Aluminum is an indispensable metal for aircraft, for example. See Fig. 3. Representative aluminum alloys for a broad classification of uses is given in Table 1. 

The synthesis is based on lead and sodium alloy (9 1 ratio) or this alloy with an addition of 0.3-1.2% of potassium. The process of alloy production... 

Occupational exposure to chromium(VI) compounds in a number of industries has been associated with increased risk of respiratory system cancers, primarily bronchogenic and nasal. Among the industries investigated in retrospective mortality studies are chromate production, chromate pigment production and use, chrome plating, stainless steel welding, ferrochromium alloy production, and leather tanning. 

La (40, 34 %,wt) its oxidation increases at air contact. From the other side appearance of Ni phase doesn t influence characteristics of the received alloy so greatly nor worsens processibility of alloy production but lessens alloy sorbtion capacity as an outside phase [8]. 

Besides the complex cases of mixed oxides, there exist more simple problems of oxide and scale formation in alloy production. The detrimental effect of oxide shells around metal particles preventing intermixing is well known. The compositional changes resulting from preferential oxidation of one component have also to be taken into account. Instability of the product and/or drastic changes in the thermochemical properties of the material after shell formation (such as massive increases in the required fusion temperature in noble metal eutectic mixtures) are common, in particular in small-scale preparations. These effects still set limits to the availability of catalytically desired alloys for practical purposes (e.g. for compounds with Zr, Si, alkali, Mg). 

G139, Standard Test Method for Determining Stress Corrosion Resistance of Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloy Products using Breaking Load Method, ASTM, West Conshohoken, PA, 1996. 

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