Production of ferrous metals and alloys

The ferrous metals industry is a major contributor of lead emissions to the atmosphere (see emission inventory. Chapter 2). The industrial raw materials are not rich in lead, but as a consequence of the massive size of the industry, and the high process temperatures used, considerable emissions of lead result. In 1975, it is estimated that in the US, 1770 tonnes of lead were emitted to the atmosphere in the production of ferrous metals and alloys 605 tonnes from iron and steel plants, 1080 tonnes from gray iron foundries and 82 tonnes from ferroalloy production facilities, excluding fugitive emissions [1]. 

It is beyond the scope of this text to give detailed descriptions of iron and steel-making and foundry processes. The interested reader is referred to a report by the US Environmental Protection Agency [1]. Emission factors for the major processes are listed in Chapter 2. The basis for selection of 

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