Chemicals allergic contact dermatitis

Smith, C.K. and Hotchkiss, S.A.M., Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Chemical andMetabolic Mechanisms, Taylor Francis, London, 2001. 

Smith CK and Hotchkiss SAM (eds.) (2001) Allergic Contact Dermatitis — Chemical and Metabolic Mechanisms. New York Taylor 8c Francis. 

Smith CK, Hotchkiss SAM (2001) Allergic contact dermatitis chemical and metabolic mechanisms. Taylor Francis Ltd., London... 

Fire retardants Allergic contact dermatitis Chemical... 

Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Chemicals Immunological and Clinical Aspects... 

It is possible to identify various factors that confer on chemicals the ability to induce skin sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis. These include the capacity to gain access to the viable epidermis across the stratum corneum, to associate stably with host proteins, to provoke a certain degree of proinflammatory cytokine production by skin cells, and to be recognized by specific T lymphocytes. The effectiveness with which these requirements are met, and possibly other properties of the chemical that influence the vigor of induced immune responses, together with the extent of exposure, will dictate the degree to which sensitization is achieved. 

Dupuis, G., and Benezra, C., Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Simple Chemicals. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1982. 

Basak, S. C., Mills, D., Hawkins, D. M. Predicting allergic contact dermatitis A hierarchical structure-activity relationship (SAR) approach to chemical classification using topological and quantum chemical descriptors. J. Comput. Aided Mol. Des., 2008, 22, 339-343. 

A detailed review is presented of the literature on cutaneous reactions to rubber, the aspects covered including latex allergy, irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. The adverse cutaneous reactions to rubber occurring following industrial and occupational or consumer exposure to rubber chemicals or products or to natural rubber latex proteins are discussed. 261 refs. 

The interaction of a chemical (hapten) with epidermal proteins (carrier) can result in a hapten-carrier complex capable of activating skin-associated lymphoid tissue (sensitisation) and dissemination of antigen-specific T l)unphocytes (induction). Subsequent encoimter with the same or cross-reactive chemicals can result in the elicitation of a characteristic inflammatory skin reaction. The clinical condition is referred to as allergic contact dermatitis and is characterised by erythema, oedema, vesiculation and pruritus. Allergic contact sensitisation is, therefore, classed as a cell-mediated immunological response to chemicals that contact and penetrate the skin. 

Sporadic cases of dermatitis due to primary irritation by a-chloroacetophenone have been reported. Allergic contact dermatitis to this substance in chemical Mace has been documented by patch test evaluation, and it is said to be a potent skin sensitizer. ... 

Kanerva L, Tarvainen K, Pinola A, et al A single accidental exposure may result in a chemical burn, primary sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Derm 31(4) 229-235, 1994... 

Contact dermatitis from the old formula E45 cream. Contact Derm., 30, 159-161 Beyer, K.H., Jr, Bergfeld, WE, Bemdt, W.O., Boutwell, R.K., Carlton, W.W., Hofi nann, D.K. Schroeder, A.L. (1983) Final report on the safety assessment of triethanolamine, diethanolamine and monoethanolamine. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol., 2, 183-235 Blum, A., Lischka, G (1997) Allergic contact dermatitis from mono-, di- and triethanolamine (Short corrrmunication). Contact Derm., 36, 166 Bollmeier, A.F. (1992) Alkanolamines. In Kroschwitz, J.I. Howe-Grant, M., eds, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Ed., Vol. 2, New York, John Wiley, pp. 1-34 Budavari, S., ed. (1998) The Merck Index, 12th Ed., Version 12 2, Whitehouse Statiorr, NJ, Merck Co. [CD-ROM]... 

Xenobiotics can affect allergic disease in one of two ways. They can themselves act as antigens and elicit hypersensitivity responses, or they can enhance the development or expression of allergic responses to commonly encountered allergens, such as dust mite. Chemicals that act as allergens include certain proteins that can by themselves induce an immune response and low molecular weight chemicals (known as haptens) that are too small to induce a specific immune response but may react with a protein to induce an immune response that is then hapten specific. Haptens have been associated with both allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), sometimes called contact hypersensitivity... 

Skin sensitization Allergic contact dermatitis. An immunologically modulated cutaneous reaction to a substance or chemical by the animal. Response by humans to skin sensitization are observed in the form of erythema, edema, papules, pruritis, bullae, and vesicles. 

This test uses an in vitro human dendritic cell culture to obtain information of the potential for various chemicals to induce allergic contact dermatitis. This test is used as an alternative to the Local Lymph node assay (LLNA) to minimize or replace the use of live animal testing for predicting skin sensitization (Kimber et al. 2002, see below). The test allows for evaluation of skin sensitization by examining the presence of cell surface markers on Periperal Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC)-derived dendritic cells (DC) that are known to be involved in the development of allergic contact dermatitis. 

PBMC-derived DC serve as a surrogate marker for Langerhans cells (LC) and the chemical allergen-induced changes in cell surface markers of DC produce a similar pattern to those that occur in LC which are the antigen-presenting cell in the skin that plays a key role in the development of allergic contact dermatitis (Ozawa et al. 1996). 

This test using animals seems to be the most frequently used predictive test for the identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals or for chemicals prone to cause allergic contact dermatitis. While it is most frequently used for general dermatological investigations, results... 

National Toxicology Program (1999) The murine local lymph node assay A test method for assessing the allergic contact dermatitis potential of chemicals/compounds. National Institutes of Health Publication 99 1494. Research Triangle Park, NC... 

Other chemicals may after repeated exposure cause more subtle effects on the skin such as allergic reactions. Skin sensitization can be caused by nickel in jewellery or the constituents of some washing powders. Sensitization of the skin leading to allergic, contact dermatitis can be very serious as well as disfiguring and is the most common industrial disease (see Chapter 7). Some natural toxicants, such as nettle sting (formic acid) and the very potent substances in the plant poison ivy, can be skin irritants. 

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