Murine Local Lymph Node Assay

This test using animals seems to be the most frequently used predictive test for the identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals or for chemicals prone to cause allergic contact dermatitis. While it is most frequently used for general dermatological investigations, results 

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Kimber, I. and Weisenberger, C., A murine local lymph node assay for the identification of contact allergens. Assay development and results of an initial validation study, Arch. Toxicol., 63, 274, 1989. 

Sailstad, D.M. et al., ICCVAM evaluation of the murine local lymph node assay. I. The ICCVAM review process, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 34, 249, 2001. 

The most important advance in ACD testing has been the development of the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). Although the general concept originated in the 1960s,... 

Kimber, I. et al., Development of a murine local lymph node assay for the determination of sensitizing potential, I d. Chem. Toxic, 24, 585, 1986. 

Kimber, I., Hilton, J. and Botam, P. A., Identification of contact allergens using the murine local lymph node assay comparison with the Buehler occluded patch test in guinea pigs, J. ofAppl. Toxicol., 10, 173, 1990. 

Kanikkannan, N., et al., Evaluation of skin sensitization potential of jet fuels by murine local lymph node assay, Toxicol. Lett., 116, 165, 2000. 

NIEHS, Interagency Coordinating Committee for Validation of Alternative Methods (IC-CVAM) Peer Review Panel Evaluation of the Murine Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) Report, 1999. 

Kimber, I. and Basketter D.A., The murine local lymph node assay A commentary on collaborative studies and new directions. Fd. Chem. Toxicol., 30, 165, 1992. 

Dearman, R.J. et al., The suitability of hexyl cinnamic aldehyde as a calibrant for the murine local lymph node assay, Contact Derm., 44, 357, 2001. 

Montelius, J. et al., Experience with the murine local lymph node assay Inability to discriminate between allergens and irritants, Acta Dermatol. Venereol., 74, 22, 1994. 

G. Ehling, M. Hecht, A. Heusener, J. Huesler, A. O. Gamer, H. Van Loveren, T. Maurer, K. Riecke, L. Ullmann, P. Ulrich, R. Vandebriel, and H.-W. Vohr. An European inter-laboratory validation of alternative endpoints of the murine local lymph node assay First round. Toxicology 212 60-68 (2005). 

There are currently three OECD test guideline methods for test of skin sensitization in animals. These include the Guinea-Pig Maximization Test (GPMT), the Buehler test, and the murine Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA). 

Sailstad, D. M. Murine local lymph node assay An alternative test method for skin hypersensitivity testing. Lab. Animal 31 36-41, 2002. 

Ikarashi Y, Tsuchiya T, Nakamura A. 1992. Detection of contact sensitivity of metal salts using the murine local lymph node assay. Toxicol Lett 62 53-61. 

Kimber I, Hilton J, Dearman RJ et al.(1995) An international evaluation of the murine local lymph node assay and comparison of modified procedures. Toxicology 103 63-73 Schneider K, Akkan Z (2004) Quantitative relationship between the local lymph node assay and human skin sensitization assays. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 39(3) 245-255 Takeyoshi M, Noda S, Yamazaki S et al. (2004) Assessment of the skin sensitizatio potency of eugenol and its dimmers using a non-radioisotopic modification of the local lymph node assay. J Appl Toxicol 24 77-81... 

National Toxicology Program (1999) The murine local lymph node assay A test method for assessing the allergic contact dermatitis potential of chemicals/compounds. National Institutes of Health Publication 99 1494. Research Triangle Park, NC... 

Ryan CA, Gerberick GF, Cruse LW, Basketter DA, Lea LJ, Blaikie L, Dearman RJ, Warbrick EV, Kimber I (2000) Activity of human contact allergens in the murine local lymph node assay. Contact Dermatitis 43 95-102 Basketter DA, Lea L, Cooper K, Dickens A, Briggs D, Pate I, Dearman RJ, Kimber I (1999) A comparison of statistical approaches to derivation of EC3 values from local lymph node assay dose responses. J Appl Toxicol 19 261-266... 

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